111 Exam Post Midterm

The _______ gene on the Y chromosome initiates testes development & maleness

SRY (sex determining region of Y chromosome)

The "default sex" would be characterized as _______________ (male/female)

Female

Anti-Mullerian hormone produced from the _____________ cells of the testes causes the Mullerian ducts to disappear

Sertoli

In males, mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts form medial to...

Paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts

The _________________________ becomes the glans penis in males and the glans clitoris in females

Genital tubercle

The _____________________________ becomes the scrotum in males and the labia majora in females

Labioscrotal swellings

The urethral folds close up in males and become the _____________________ in females

Labia minora

What hormone stimulates the descent of the gonads from the abdomen to the scrotum

Testosterone

Gubernaculum

Fetal ligament that guides the descent of the testes and atrophies at birth

Dartos muscle

Smooth muscle that wrinkles the skin of the scrotum

When it is hot, the dartos muscle ____________________ (contracts/relaxes) and the cremaster muscle ___________________ (contracts/relaxes)

Relaxes; relaxes

What muscle is involved in raising or depressing the testicles?

Cremaster muscle

Blood in the testes is _______________ (warmer/colder) than blood in the rest of the body

Colder.

Veins grab heat from the arteries so that the blood cools down as it goes to the testicles and as a result blood heats back up when it leaves the testicles

Spermatic cord

encloses nerve fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatics that supply testes

Tunica vaginalis

Outer layer surrounding the testes derived from peritoneum

Tunica albuginea

Inner layer surrounding the testes. Internal fibrous capsule (white layer) helps compartmentalize the testicles.

Each lobule of the testis contains about _________ seminiferous tubules

1-4

What is the function of myoid cells?

Rhythmic contractions help squeeze sperm and testicular fluids through tubules and out of testes

________________________________ are the site of sperm production

Seminiferous tubules

These cells, located outside of the seminiferous tubules, produce testosterone and other androgens

Interstitial cells / Leydig cells

What protein keeps local levels of androgens high in the testis?

Androgen binding protein

Which is not a tube that sperm travel through?

- Rete testis

- Straight tubule

- Vas deferens

- Internal urinary sphincter

- Membranous urethra

Internal urinary sphincter

Where do sperm become motile and how long does it take?

Duct of epididymis; ~20 days

Tube in which sperm from the seminal vesicles enters the prostate

Ejaculatory duct

The vas deferens passes through the _________________ canal

Inguinal

What are the three regions of the male urethra in order of sperm entry?

1. Prostatic urethra

2. Membranous urethra

3. Penile/spongy urethra

Which is not an anatomical region of the penis?

- Attached root

- Head

- Glans penis

- Free body

Head

What muscle surrounds the bulb of the penis?

Bulbospongiosus muscle

What muscle surrounds the crura (lateral arms) of the penis?

Ischiocavernosus muscle

Function of the corpus spongiosum

Keeps urethra open

Function of the corpus cavernosa

Erection

Vesiculase

Coagulating enzyme produced in the seminal vesicles to help semen stick in the female reproductive tract

What is the function of prostaglandins in semen?

Decreases the viscosity of cervical mucus and stimulates reverse peristalsis in the uterus

What gland produces seminal fluid?

Seminal vesicles

What gland produces milky fluid that plays a role in sperm activation?

The prostate

Which prostatic secretion does not match with its function?

Relaxin: stimulates uterine relaxations

Prostate specific antigen (PSA): Liquifies coagulated sperm

Seminalplasmin: antibiotic

Citrate: nutrition

Relaxin.

Relaxin enhances sperm motility

Bulbourethral glands (Cowper's glands)

Small glands inferior to the prostate that prior to ejaculation, produce thick, clear mucus that lubricates the glans penis and neutralizes traces of acidic urine in urethra

Semen is slightly _______________ (acidic/basic)

Basic: 7.35-7.50

The __________ (PSNS/SNS) is stimulated during arousal

PSNS

The __________ (PSNS/SNS) is stimulated during orgasm

SNS

Products of meiosis

4 genetically different haploid daughter cells

_______________: spermatogonia form spermatocytes

Mitosis

__________________: spermatocytes form spermatids

Meiosis

___________________: spermatids form spermatozoa (sperm)

Spermiogenesis

Spermatogenesis

Total process of sperm production

Type ___ daughter cells stay in the basal lamina of seminiferous tubules to maintain the cell population whereas Type ___ undergo meiosis

A; B

What stage of spermatogenesis involves sperm being stripped of excess cytoplasm and forming a tail?

Spermiogenesis

Acrosome of sperm

Part of head that contains hydrolytic enzymes that enable sperm to penetrate the egg

Where is the mitochondria in sperm found?

The midpiece

These cells produce inhibin and androgen binding protein to help regulate spermatogenesis

Sustentacular/Sertoli/Nurse Cells

Why do we need a blood-testis barrier?

Immune cells in the blood would attack sperm cells because they have different DNA

Inhibin function in the testes

Negative feedback messenger that will inhibit release of GnRH (and FSH and LH) if sperm production gets too high

True or false. Testosterone is synthesized from cholesterol

True

True or false. Testosterone is not converted to estradiol in males

False. Some neurons in the brain use estradiol

True or false. Androgens are only released by the testes

False. The adrenal glands also release small amounts of androgens

Why is testosterone high in utero?

To produce the reproductive system

Why do testosterone levels surge post-birth?

To remove female hormones from the system

Which is not a change at puberty in boys?

- Larynx enlarges

- Sebaceous gland secretion increases

- Seminal vesicles begin to form fructose

- Vocal cords decrease in length

Vocal cords decrease in length

Breast lobules send their product down ___________________________ via a letdown reflex

Lactiferous ducts

Milk production is possible by mid-pregnancy but is prevented by ___________________ and ________________ typically until delivery

Progesterone; estrogen

At menopause, the fibrous lactiferous system stroma is replaced by _________________________________

Adipose tissue

Which of the following structures does not have pubic hair?

- Mons pubis

- Labia minora

- Labia majora

Labia minora

Bartholin's glands

Two pea sized ducts that release mucus into the vestibule for lubrication.

True or false. The body of the clitoris is seen superficially

False. This is the glans clitoris

Energy source for bacteria of the vagina

Glycogen

The vagina becomes _________ (more/less) acidic at puberty

More

The vagina ___________________ (increases/decreases) in thickness at puberty

Increases

What layer of the endometrium is shed during menstruation?

Stratum functionalis

Which does not increase in the vagina with puberty?

- Glycogen

- Estrogen

- Microbial diversity

- Lactobacillus populations

Microbial diversity

Cervical glands

Secrete mucus that blocks sperm entry except during mid cycle

Why do women bleed during menses (anatomically)?

Stratum functionalis of the endometrium degenerates and arteries rupture as a result. Blood enters the uterine lumen

True or false. The secretory phase begins at ovulation and persists as long as the corpus luteum is active

True

Why do uterine glands enlarge during the secretory phase?

For conception should a blastocyst implant

True or false. The isthmus is typically the site of fertilization

False. It is typically the ampulla

Function of the fimbriae of the infundibulum

Create currents to move oocyte into the uterine tube

Match the statements with the ligament

1. Anchors ovary to pelvic wall laterally

2. Anchors ovary medially to uterus

3. Anchors uterus to inguinal canal

4. Peritoneal fold that supports uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina

1. Suspensory ligament of the ovary

2. Ovarian ligament

3. Round ligament of the uterus

4. Broad ligament

What directly surrounds the ovaries?

A fibrous tunica albuginea which is surrounded by germinal epithelium (peritoneum)

Ovarian follicles are found in this region of the ovary

Cortex

Blood vessels and nerves are found in this region of the ovary

Medulla

What are the 1+ cell layers surrounding an oocyte called?

Granulosa cells

What is the one cell thick layer surrounding an oocyte called?

Follicle cells

Oogonia

During fetal development these cells give rise to primary oocytes

Primordial follicles

Primary oocytes develop in them but stall in prophase I until they receive the appropriate hormonal signal during the menstrual cycle

True or false. Each month after puberty, a few primary oocytes are activated

True

Of primary oocytes, one is selected each month to resume meiosis I (dominant follicle). The result is two haploid cells that are unequal in size: ______________________ and ________________________

Secondary oocyte; first polar body

The secondary oocyte is arrested in ___________________ and will need to be penetrated by sperm if it is to finish meiosis II

metaphase II

A secondary oocyte that has completed meiosis II will yield...

An ovum (functional gamete) and a second polar body

Which phase is invariable in length? Follicular or luteal

Luteal is set at 14 days

Order the following:

- Luteal phase

- Follicular phase

- Ovulation

1. Follicular phase

2. Ovulation

3. Luteal phase

What type of follicle has simple cuboidal epithelium?

Primary follicle

What type of follicle has stratified cuboidal epithelium?

Secondary follicle

Theca folliculi

connective tissue around the granulosa cells

In late secondary follicles, theca folliculi and granulosa cells produce __________________

Estrogen

"Antrum forms & expands to isolate a secondary oocyte with its corona radiata on a stalk"

This happens in what type of follicle?

Tertiary

Granulosa cells and internal thecal cells form the ______________________ in the luteal phase

corpus luteum

If no pregnancy, corpus luteum degenerates into a ___________________________ in 10 days.

corpus albicans

If pregnancy occurs, corpus luteum produces hormones until the _________________ takes over at about 3 months.

Placenta

True or false. Estrogen inhibits hypothalamic release of GnRH until puberty in females

True

_________ (high/low) leptin is an indication that a body can support a pregnancy

High

_________________ drives ovulation and ____________________ maintains pregnancy

Estrogen; progesterone