Unit 3: Chemistry – IMF, Polarity & Solubility; Reactions & Periodic Trends

These flashcards cover essential vocabulary and concepts from Unit 3 of Chemistry, focusing on intermolecular forces, polarity, solubility, reactions, and periodic trends.

London Dispersion Forces

Weak intermolecular forces present in all molecules that increase with molar mass.

Dipole–Dipole Forces

Intermolecular forces between polar molecules.

Hydrogen Bonding

A strong type of dipole-dipole interaction occurring when hydrogen is bonded to nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine.

Ion–Dipole Forces

Forces between ions and polar solvents, such as water.

Ion–Ion Forces

Strong attractions between ions in ionic solids.

Hydration Shell

A sphere of water molecules surrounding dissolved ions.

Solubility Rules

Guidelines that determine when ions will dissolve based on ion-dipole and ion-ion attraction.

Lattice Energy

The energy required to separate ions in an ionic solid, influencing solubility.

Vapor Pressure

The pressure of vapor above a liquid which is inversely related to the strength of intermolecular forces.

Electronegativity

A measure of an atom's ability to attract shared electrons in a bond.

Polar Molecule

A molecule with polar bonds and an asymmetric shape.

Synthesis Reaction

A chemical reaction where two substances combine to form a single compound.

Decomposition Reaction

A chemical reaction where one compound breaks down into two or more substances.

Single Replacement Reaction

A type of chemical reaction where one element replaces another in a compound.

Double Replacement Reaction

A chemical reaction where two compounds exchange ions or elements.

Combustion Reaction

A reaction in which a substance combines with oxygen to produce energy, carbon dioxide, and water.

Law of Conservation of Matter

Principle stating that matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.

Precipitation Reactions

Reactions that occur when two solutions form an insoluble solid.

Periodic Trends

Patterns in the periodic table that show how certain properties change across periods and down groups.

Atomic Radius

The distance from the nucleus of an atom to the outermost electrons, which increases down a group and decreases across a period.

Ion Size

Cations are smaller and anions are larger than their parent atoms.