Section 20: Reproduction & Development
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SECTION 20 — REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT (IMAT MASTER DECK)
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FUNCTIONS OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
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What are the major functions of the reproductive system?
Produce gametes, enable fertilization, support embryonic development, and produce sex hormones.
What are gametes?
Haploid reproductive cells.
Why are gametes haploid?
To restore the diploid chromosome number at fertilization.
Which process produces gametes?
Meiosis.
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MEIOSIS REVIEW
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How many divisions occur during meiosis?
Two.
How many daughter cells are produced?
Four.
How many chromosomes are present in human gametes?
23.
How many chromosomes are present in human somatic cells?
46.
What is the purpose of meiosis?
Reduce chromosome number and increase genetic variation.
What two processes generate genetic variation during meiosis?
Crossing over and independent assortment.
During which stage does crossing over occur?
Prophase I.
During which stage do homologous chromosomes separate?
Anaphase I.
During which stage do sister chromatids separate?
Anaphase II.
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SPERMATOGENESIS
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Where does spermatogenesis occur?
Seminiferous tubules of the testes.
Which cells produce sperm?
Spermatogonia.
What is the final product of spermatogenesis?
Four functional sperm.
Which hormone stimulates spermatogenesis?
FSH.
Which hormone stimulates testosterone production?
LH.
Which cells produce testosterone?
Leydig cells.
Which cells support developing sperm?
Sertoli cells.
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SPERM STRUCTURE
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What are the three major parts of a sperm cell?
Head, midpiece, and tail.
What does the head contain?
Nucleus and acrosome.
What is the acrosome?
A cap containing enzymes required to penetrate the egg.
Why does the midpiece contain many mitochondria?
To provide ATP for movement.
What is the function of the tail?
Propulsion.
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OOGENESIS
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Where does oogenesis occur?
Ovaries.
How many functional eggs result from one primary oocyte?
One.
Why is only one ovum produced?
The remaining cells become polar bodies.
When are primary oocytes formed?
Before birth.
When is meiosis II completed?
Only after fertilization.
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OVARIAN CYCLE
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What are the three phases of the ovarian cycle?
Follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase.
Which hormone stimulates follicle development?
FSH.
Which hormone triggers ovulation?
LH.
What structure remains after ovulation?
Corpus luteum.
What hormone is primarily secreted by the corpus luteum?
Progesterone.
What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy does not occur?
It degenerates.
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MENSTRUAL CYCLE