Science and Apologetics Test 1

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65 Terms

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1 Peter 3:15

Be ready to give an answer (apologia, defense).

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Jude 3

Earnestly contend for the faith.

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Proverbs 26:4-5

Expose folly of unbelieving worldview wisely.

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Matthew 12:30

No neutrality; one is either for or against Christ.

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Romans 1:18-20

Unbelievers suppress truth; God revealed Himself through creation.

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Romans 2:14-15

God's law written on hearts; revealed through conscience.

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Romans 8:7

The mind of the flesh is hostile toward God.

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Observation

The first step in the scientific method.

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Hypothesis

Testable explanation. (2nd Step)

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Experimentation

Test legitimacy of hypothesis. (3rd step)

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Interpretation of results

Analyze the outcomes of the experiment. (4th step)

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Testing the interpretation

Verify the conclusions drawn from results. (5th step)

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Observable

A tenet of science indicating phenomena can be seen.

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Testable

A tenet of science indicating hypotheses can be examined.

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Measurable

A tenet of science indicating phenomena can be quantified.

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Repeatable

A tenet of science indicating experiments can be replicated.

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Falsifiable

A tenet of science indicating that a theory can be disproven.

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Worldview

Network of basic beliefs through which observations are interpreted.

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Presupposition

An assumption taken for granted before investigation.

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Scientism

Belief science is the only source of truth.

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Law

Describes what happens; often expressed mathematically.

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Theory

Explains why phenomena occur.

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Materialism

All that exists is matter/energy.

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Empiricism

Knowledge comes from sensory experience.

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Rationalism

Knowledge comes through reason and ideas.

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Biblical Worldview

God is ultimate standard (Hebrews 6:13-14).

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Secular Worldview

Big Bang ~13.8 Ga; naturalistic origin of life from chemicals.

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Argument

Set of statements (premises) leading to conclusion.

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Premises

Reasons supporting conclusion.

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Conclusion

Claim supported by premises.

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Validity

Conclusion logically follows.

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Soundness

Valid + premises are true.

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Fallacy

Error in reasoning.

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Transcendental Argument (TAG)

Form: X is necessary for Y; Y exists, therefore X exists.

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TAG claim

God is necessary for knowledge and intelligibility.

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Christian worldview

True by impossibility of the contrary.

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Preconditions of intelligibility

More foundational than evidence-based arguments because it addresses preconditions of intelligibility.

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Myth of Neutrality

No one is neutral (Matthew 12:30).

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Unbelievers suppress truth

Romans 1:18.

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God reveals Himself

Through creation (Romans 1:20) and conscience (Romans 2:14-15).

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The natural mind is hostile to God

Romans 8:7

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Worldview

Affects how evidence is interpreted.

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Seven Preconditions of Intelligibility

1. Reliability of senses 2. Validity of reasoning 3. Uniformity of nature (basis for induction) 4. Objective morality 5. Freedom of thought 6. Psychophysical harmony (mind and world correspond) 7. Laws of logic.

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Science origin

Arose naturally from Biblical worldview.

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Fathers of science who were Christians:

Newton, Kepler, Galileo, Copernicus, Pascal.

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Scientific Literacy

Knowledge/understanding of science for personal and civic life.

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News articles

Brief, accessible, but oversimplified.

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Keys to Science Literacy

1. Understand scientific method. 2. Read critically (watch for bias, probabilities stated as fact). 3. Verify through original research. 4. Decisions grounded in Bible + sound reasoning.

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The Flood (Genesis 7-8)

Initiation: Fountains of the great deep + windows of heaven (Gen. 7:11). Rain 40 days/nights. Waters covered Earth; after 150 days receded. Total duration: 371 days.

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Catastrophic Plate Tectonics (CPT)

Cold, dense pre-flood ocean crust sank rapidly. Dragged ocean floor with it. Mantle heated, accelerated movement.

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Earths Layers

Crust, mantle, core (magnetic field).

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Evidence for CPT

1. Depth 2. Rapid Magnetic Field Reversals 3. Rapid 4. Rapid Collisions

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Six Mega-Sequences

Flood deposits, lowest to highest: 1. Sauk - marine 2. Tippecanoe - marine 3. Kaskaskia - marine 4. Absaroka - land 5. Zuni - land 6. Tejas - land.

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Magazines

More detail, reviewed, but less rigorous than journals.

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Peer-Reviewed Journals

Original research, most reliable, but very technical.

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Depth

Subducted plates deep in mantle.

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Rapid Magnetic Field Reversals

Recorded in thin lava flows; mottled seafloor.

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Rapid Eruptions

Kimberlites (diamonds), flood basalts.

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Rapid Collisions

Mountain formation, high-pressure minerals.

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Tectonic plates

Sections of the Earth's crust that move due to convection currents.

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Magma

Molten rock beneath the earth's surface

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Lava

Magma that reaches Earth's surface

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Igneous rocks

Form directly from cooling of magma or lava. Ex: granite (magma) and obsidian (lava)

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Subduction

when one slab (plate) moves under another

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Ocean Ridge

an area where the ocean crust diverges, allowing lava to rise up and cool as underwater mountains