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1 Peter 3:15
Be ready to give an answer (apologia, defense).
Jude 3
Earnestly contend for the faith.
Proverbs 26:4-5
Expose folly of unbelieving worldview wisely.
Matthew 12:30
No neutrality; one is either for or against Christ.
Romans 1:18-20
Unbelievers suppress truth; God revealed Himself through creation.
Romans 2:14-15
God's law written on hearts; revealed through conscience.
Romans 8:7
The mind of the flesh is hostile toward God.
Observation
The first step in the scientific method.
Hypothesis
Testable explanation. (2nd Step)
Experimentation
Test legitimacy of hypothesis. (3rd step)
Interpretation of results
Analyze the outcomes of the experiment. (4th step)
Testing the interpretation
Verify the conclusions drawn from results. (5th step)
Observable
A tenet of science indicating phenomena can be seen.
Testable
A tenet of science indicating hypotheses can be examined.
Measurable
A tenet of science indicating phenomena can be quantified.
Repeatable
A tenet of science indicating experiments can be replicated.
Falsifiable
A tenet of science indicating that a theory can be disproven.
Worldview
Network of basic beliefs through which observations are interpreted.
Presupposition
An assumption taken for granted before investigation.
Scientism
Belief science is the only source of truth.
Law
Describes what happens; often expressed mathematically.
Theory
Explains why phenomena occur.
Materialism
All that exists is matter/energy.
Empiricism
Knowledge comes from sensory experience.
Rationalism
Knowledge comes through reason and ideas.
Biblical Worldview
God is ultimate standard (Hebrews 6:13-14).
Secular Worldview
Big Bang ~13.8 Ga; naturalistic origin of life from chemicals.
Argument
Set of statements (premises) leading to conclusion.
Premises
Reasons supporting conclusion.
Conclusion
Claim supported by premises.
Validity
Conclusion logically follows.
Soundness
Valid + premises are true.
Fallacy
Error in reasoning.
Transcendental Argument (TAG)
Form: X is necessary for Y; Y exists, therefore X exists.
TAG claim
God is necessary for knowledge and intelligibility.
Christian worldview
True by impossibility of the contrary.
Preconditions of intelligibility
More foundational than evidence-based arguments because it addresses preconditions of intelligibility.
Myth of Neutrality
No one is neutral (Matthew 12:30).
Unbelievers suppress truth
Romans 1:18.
God reveals Himself
Through creation (Romans 1:20) and conscience (Romans 2:14-15).
The natural mind is hostile to God
Romans 8:7
Worldview
Affects how evidence is interpreted.
Seven Preconditions of Intelligibility
1. Reliability of senses 2. Validity of reasoning 3. Uniformity of nature (basis for induction) 4. Objective morality 5. Freedom of thought 6. Psychophysical harmony (mind and world correspond) 7. Laws of logic.
Science origin
Arose naturally from Biblical worldview.
Fathers of science who were Christians:
Newton, Kepler, Galileo, Copernicus, Pascal.
Scientific Literacy
Knowledge/understanding of science for personal and civic life.
News articles
Brief, accessible, but oversimplified.
Keys to Science Literacy
1. Understand scientific method. 2. Read critically (watch for bias, probabilities stated as fact). 3. Verify through original research. 4. Decisions grounded in Bible + sound reasoning.
The Flood (Genesis 7-8)
Initiation: Fountains of the great deep + windows of heaven (Gen. 7:11). Rain 40 days/nights. Waters covered Earth; after 150 days receded. Total duration: 371 days.
Catastrophic Plate Tectonics (CPT)
Cold, dense pre-flood ocean crust sank rapidly. Dragged ocean floor with it. Mantle heated, accelerated movement.
Earths Layers
Crust, mantle, core (magnetic field).
Evidence for CPT
1. Depth 2. Rapid Magnetic Field Reversals 3. Rapid 4. Rapid Collisions
Six Mega-Sequences
Flood deposits, lowest to highest: 1. Sauk - marine 2. Tippecanoe - marine 3. Kaskaskia - marine 4. Absaroka - land 5. Zuni - land 6. Tejas - land.
Magazines
More detail, reviewed, but less rigorous than journals.
Peer-Reviewed Journals
Original research, most reliable, but very technical.
Depth
Subducted plates deep in mantle.
Rapid Magnetic Field Reversals
Recorded in thin lava flows; mottled seafloor.
Rapid Eruptions
Kimberlites (diamonds), flood basalts.
Rapid Collisions
Mountain formation, high-pressure minerals.
Tectonic plates
Sections of the Earth's crust that move due to convection currents.
Magma
Molten rock beneath the earth's surface
Lava
Magma that reaches Earth's surface
Igneous rocks
Form directly from cooling of magma or lava. Ex: granite (magma) and obsidian (lava)
Subduction
when one slab (plate) moves under another
Ocean Ridge
an area where the ocean crust diverges, allowing lava to rise up and cool as underwater mountains