Unit 1 Chapter 1 - Test 9/8/26

Define chemistry

The study of matter and the changes it undergoes (how it interacts)

Name several things you do that involve chemistry

Digest food

Cook meals

Washing hands

Breathing (oxygen converting to carbon dioxide in lungs)

Using batteries to power something

What are the benefits of chemistry?

Understanding chemistry allows us to develop medicine, technology, materials, and more that help our society (ex: batteries, light bulbs, gluten-free food, safe makeup, etc)

What is alchemy?

Alchemy is a mystical chemistry from Middle Age Europe, interested in human health and the quality of life

(they searched for immortality elixirs, philosophers’ stone to turn cheap metals into gold, medicine to heal all disease, etc)

Aristotle

Greek philosopher who formulated theories on nature and the behavior of matter.

Note: Greek philosophers did not usually test their theories through experimentation

Technology vs. science and examples

Technology - all of the processes humans use to modify the materials of nature to better satisfy their needs and wants; does not need to be based on scientific principles

The practical application of knowledge (using science to make things)

Ex: cars, mechanical pencils, computers

Science - Studying the processes and theories that explain how technology works

Learning how things work by experimenting with them

Ex: Studying gravity, how atoms become charged, the process of digestion

What is the true beginning of science? Give examples.

Modern science emerged from natural philosophy, especially during the 17th century when physicists, astronomers, etc. began to rely on experimentation

Ex: physicist rolling balls of differing weights down ramps to test gravity theories, using telescopes to prove astronomy theories, etc

Compare and contrast the Baconian Dream and the Carsonian Nightmare

They both dream about science drastically changing our lives, but the Baconian Dream focuses on the positive and prosperous effect of science while the Carsonian Nightmare focuses on the death and destruction effect of science.

Give an example of a hypothesis.

If I drop two balls of differing masses from equal heights, then they will fall at the same rate and hit the ground at the same time.

Give an example of a scientific law.

Boyle’s Law - the volume of a gas decreases when the pressure of a gas increases (PV = k).

Give an example of a scientific theory.

Kinetic-molecular theory - Liquid particles are in constant motion and collide with each other, making some molecules gain enough energy to break apart from the other molecules and disperse (evaporate) into the widely spaced air molecules

Give an example of a scientific model.

Using marbles to represent particles of a gas.

Give an example of a scientific method.

Make an observation, make a hypothesis, test the hypothesis via an experiment, record the data, make a conclusion, share the results.

State some characteristics of science.

Science is testable, explanatory, and tentative.

Give examples of what science can and cannot do.

Can - make observations, form hypotheses, conduct experiments

Cannot - control all the variables (especially in social science) and perfectly predict the future

Discuss the risks and benefits of science and technology.

Risks - People using science and technology to harm others purposefully or accidentally (ex: nuclear bombs and car accidents)

Benefits - Using technology to make life easier and more safe (ex: seatbelts in cars, airplanes to travel faster)

What is risk benefit analysis?

The calculation of a desirability quotient (DQ=benefits/risks) to determine if the benefits of something outweigh the risks.

What is applied research? Give examples.

Applied research is work oriented toward the solution of a particular problem.

Ex: George Washington Carver discovering crop rotation replenishes lost nutrients in the soil. This revitalized the southern economy.

Ex 2: Rachel Brown and Elizabeth Hazen synthesizing an antifungal drug.

What is basic research? Give examples.

Basic research is synthesizing new compounds and determining their properties, which can later be used for applied research.

Ex: Hildebrand finding that helium is less soluble in liquids than other gases.

Ex 2: Gertrude Elion studying purines that later led to new drugs.

What is Gertrude Elion’s story?

Gertrude Elion studied a compound called purines at a lab in North Carolina. Her basic research work led to the discovery of drugs that helped with organ transplants and other diseases. She shared the 1988 Nobel prize in physiology and medicine, and was the first women inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1991.

What are the first 20 elements of the periodic table?

1. H

2. He

3. Li

4. Be

5. B

6. C

7. N

8. O

9. F

10. Ne

11. Na

12. Mg

13. Al

14. Si

15. P

16. S

17. Cl

18. Ar

19. K

20. Ca

What are the seven diatomic molecules and their states?

H (g)

N (g)

F (g)

O (g)

I (s)

Cl (g)

Br (l)

Have No Fear Of Ice Cold Beer

Define “element”

Building block of matter; substance composed of only 1 thing, has its own physical and chemical properties

Define “atom”

Smallest unit of matter that has all the unique properties of the element it represents

Define “compound”

2 or more atoms of different elements bonded together

Define “molecule” and give the two types

2 or more atoms of the same or different elements chemically bonded

Diatomic - 2 atoms of the SAME element bonded

Polyatomic - 3 or more atoms of the same OR different elements bonded

Define “monatomic”

1 atom of an element

Define “ion”

An atom with a charge

Define “polyatomic ion”

3 or more atoms of the same or different elements bonded with a charge

Solvent vs. solute

Solvent - gets dissolved

Solute - does the dissolving

EX: salt is the solvent in water, the solute

What is the Law of Definite Composition?

The same elements combine in the same ratio to form the same compound

(basically: a specific compound always has the same formula)

What is the Law of Multiple Proportion?

The same elements can combine in different ratios to form different compounds.

Physical properties vs. chemical properties

Physical properties can be seen without changing the substance, chemical properties are observed when the substance is changed to another

Intensive vs. extensive properties of matter

Intensive - properties that don’t depend on the amount of substance (ex: density)

Extensive - properties that do depend on the amount of substance (ex: volume, mass)

Exact #s vs. inexact #s vs. derived #s

Exact #s - #s you can count and prove

Inexact #s - measured #s that are limited by the person or measuring device

Derived #s - #s found using calculation

What are the rules for adding/subtracting vs. multiplying/dividing with significant figures?

Adding/subtracting - the answer cannot be more precise than the least precise number

Multiplying/dividing - the answer cannot have more sig figs than the number in the problem with the least amount of sig figs

Accuracy vs. precision

Accuracy - how close a number is to the accepted value

Precision - how close together a group of numbers are to each other, or how far out the number is carried

What are the metric base units for mass, length, time, temperature, amount of a substance, and volume?

Mass - gram (g)

Length - meter (m)

Time - second (s or sec)

Temp - Celsius or Kelvin

Amount of substance - mole (mol)

Volume - cm³ or L

What are the conversion formulas for Kelvin to Celsius, Celsius to Kelvin, Celsius to Fahrenheit, and Fahrenheit to Celsius?

K to C —— C = K-273.15

C to K —— K = C + 273.15

C to F —— F = 9/5 (C) +32

F to C —— C = 5/9 (F-32)

Metric prefixes from 10^15 to 10^-21

Peta - 15

Tera - 12

Giga - 9

Mega - 6

Kilo - 3

Hecto - 2

Deka - 1

Base ————

Deci - -1

Centi - -2

Milli - -3

Micro - -6

Nano - -9

Angstrom - -10

Pico - -12

Femto - -15

Atto - -18

Zepto - -21

Define “energy”

Capacity to do work or transfer heat

Define “work”

Energy transferred when a force exerted on an object causes a displacement of the object

Define “heat”

Energy used to cause the temp of an object to change

Define “force”

Any push or pull on an object

What are the formulas for potential energy and kinetic energy?

PE = mgh

KE = ½ mv²

Cation vs. anion

Cation - ion with positive charge

Anion - ion with negative charge (memory: Anion Adds, adding a negative electron makes it more negative)

How to find protons, neutrons, and electrons from the periodic table?

Protons - the element’s atomic number

Neutrons - atomic mass rounded to nearest whole # minus the atomic number

Electrons - equal to protons unless it’s an ion

What is specific gravity?

Ratio of the density of a substance compared to the density of a reference material (usually water)

Specific gravity = density of substance / density of water

What was the favored drink in the ancient world? What area was the one exception?

Everyone preferred wine, except Babylon. Babylon preferred beer.

In what area of the world was it normal for women to work as distillers, chemists, and alchemists until ~100 B.C.?

Mesopotamia and Syria

What was chemistry’s original purpose in the ancient times?

Beauty (cosmetics)

What was a big issue with utensils in ancient Rome?

Rich people used utensils made of lead, which killed them. Poor people used utensils of clay, which did not have lead.

What poison was Socrates forced to take for “corrupting the minds of the youth?”

Hemlock

What ancient area kept plenty of makeup for the afterlife?

Egypt

What group of people were seeking immortality via cinnabar/mercury?

Chinese

Who is credited with making solutions of soap around 3000 BC?

Sumerians

Who made gunpowder?

Chinese

What are some examples of what the ancient world used chemistry to make?

Cosmetics, pigments/dyes/paints, healing, metallurgy, pottery, fermentation, poison, soap