Rad. Physics & Imaging- Ch. 2 Study Guide

Match the number to the correct part of the atom:

Number 1 is

electron

Match the number to the correct part of the atom:

Number 2 is

neutron

Match the number to the correct part of the atom:

Number 3 is

nucleus

Match the number to the correct part of the atom:

Number 4 is

proton

What is the charge of a proton?

Positive

What is the charge of a neutron?

Neutral

What is the charge of an electron?

Negative

What is the atomic number of this atom?

3

What is the atomic mass of this atom?

7

Number of electrons?

3

Number of protons?

3

Number of neutrons?

4

Which two subatomic particles are located in the nucleus of an atom?

Protons and Neutrons

The atomic number is the number of _____

protons

The atomic mass is the number of _____ + ______

Protons + Neutrons

Elements within the same row of the periodic table have the same ______________

number of electron shells

Elements within the same group/column have the same __________

number of valence electrons

A cation has a ____ net charge

positive

A anion has a _____ net charge

Negative

Sodium (Na) has ___ neutrons

12

There are ____ protons found in the element “oxygen”

8

There are ____ protons found in the element “tungsten” with the chemical symbol “W"

74

Based on the periodic table, which of the following has the highest number of electrons?

Krypton

Potassium[19] has ____ electron(s) in the outermost orbital shell

1

Hydrogen has _____ neutrons

0.0078

Phosphorus [15] has ____ neutrons within the nucleus

16

Which iso is this Kr [36]-81; Kr[36]-81m

isomers

Which iso is this K[19]-40; Ca[20]-40

isobars

Which iso is this Tc[43]-99; Tc[43]-99m

isomers

Which iso is this C[6]-14; N[7]-14

isobars

Which iso is this O[8]-16; O[8]-17

isotopes

Which iso is this B[5]-12; C[6]-13

isotones

Which iso is this Cl[17]-37; Ar[18]-38

isotones

Which iso is this H[1]-1; H[1]-3

isotopes

O2 is an example of a/an:

molecule only

H2O is an example of a/an:

compound and molecule

Carbon[6] has ____ electron(s) in its outermost orbital shell

4

Magnesium[12] has ____ electron orbital shells

3

Chlorine[17] has ____ electron(s) its outermost shell

7

Iodine[53] has ____ electron orbital shells

5

Decreased wavelength, increased frequency= 

increase in energy

How many photons in the x-ray beam

Beam Quantity

Average energy of x-ray photons on the x-ray beam

Beam Quality

Beam Quantity is controlled by what?

mAs

Beam Quality is controlled by what?

kVp

Increasing mAs, increases what?

Increases number of photons in the x-ray beam

Increasing kVp, increases what?

Increases the average energy of photons in the X-ray beam

In beam Quality, Long wavelength =

Low energy

In Beam Quality, High frequency =

high energy

Isotropic means

Photons diverge in all directions

Differential absorption means

Different tissues require different amounts of energy for penetration/absorption

What is the maximum number of electrons that will occupy the outermost shell of an atom?

8

Atoms that share an electron that orbits both nuclei form:

Covalent bonds

The horizontal periods (Rows) of the periodic table contains elements with:

The same number of electron shells

As the frequency of electromagnetic radiation decreases, wavelength will:

Increase

What are the three fundamental particles of an atom?

electrons, neutrons, and protons

If an atom has an equal number of protons and electrons, it has what amount of net charge?

No net charge

If the negative charge outnumber the positives, the atom is called a

negative ion; anion

If the positive charges outnumber the negatives, the atom is called a

positive ion; cation

Binding energy

Holds the protons and neutrons together to form the nucleus

How are electrons held in their orbits?

electron-binding energy

What are the key determinants of X-ray production?

Nuclear binding energy and electron binding energy

What are the two types of atomic interactions in the X-ray tube that produce X-rays?

Characteristic and Bremsstrahlung

Electron shells

The energy levels or orbits around the nucleus where electrons are found.

Atomic number

Number of protons an atom contains in its nucleus

Atomic mass number

Number of protons and Neutrons an atom has in its nucleus

Elements

The simplest forms of substances that compose matter

Molecule

Two or more atoms bonded together

Compound

A molecule that contains atleast two different elements. Thus, all compounds are molecules, but not all molecules are compounds.

Chemical symbol

Abbreviation of the element

Iso means same; IsotoPes

The SAME number of PROTONS but a different number of neutrons (H-1, H-2, H-3)

Iso means same; IsotoNes

The SAME number of NEUTRONS but a different number of protons (O-16, C-14, F-17). To find the number of Neutrons, subtract the atomic number from the atomic mass number.

Iso means same; isobArs

A different number of protons but the SAME total number of protons AND neutrons (ATOMIC Mass Number) (O-16, C-16, F-16)

Iso means same; IsoMers

The SAME number of protons and neutrons, but different amounts of energy within their nuclei (Molecular Formula)

Ionic Bonding

Based on the attraction of opposing charges. One atom gives up an electron, and one atom takes an extra electron

Covalent Bonding

Based on two atoms sharing electrons that then orbit both nuclei. (Figure 8 pattern)

The horizontal rows in the periodic table are called

Periods

When two atoms are bonded together by an electron orbiting both atoms, it is known as a:

Covalent bond

When two atoms are bonded together by one atom giving up an electron and the other atom gaining an electron, it is known as a:

Ionic Bond

If an atom gains or loses an electron, it is called a what?

ion

If it says electron orbital shells, you will:

Count the # of rows from the top to the desired elements row.

When you see this “Electrons are in its outermost shell” in the question you should…

Use formula 2n²

Two atoms sharing electrons that orbit both nuclei

covalent bond

electron creates a figure 8 as it orbits the two nucei

covalent bond

the attraction of opposing charges

ionic bond

Atoms

Tiny indivisible structures that make up all things

Who discovered electrons

Joseph John J.J. Thomson

Alpha Particles

Made up of two protons and two neutrons and have a positive charge.

Bremsstrahlung interactions involve….

Attraction to the nucleus of the atom

How many periods are arranged as rows on the periodic table?

7

How many groups are arranged as columns on the periodic table?

8

Atoms in each period have the same number of what?

electron shells

Atoms in each group have the same number of what?

electrons in the outermost shell