APush Periods 1 & 2 Test [America's History Eight Edition]

tenancy

The rental of property. To attract tenants in New York's Hudson River Valley, Dutch and English manorial lords granted long tenancy leases, with the right to sell improvements - houses and barns, for example - to the next tenant

competency

The ability of a family to keep a household solvent and independent and to pass that ability on to the next generation

household mode of production

The system of exchanging goods and labor that helped eighteenth-century New England freeholders survive on ever-shrinking farms as available land became more scarce

squatter

someone who settles on land he or she does not own or rent. MAny eighteenth-century settlers established themselves on land before it was surveyed and entered for sale, requesting the first right to purchase the land when sale began

redemptioner

A common type of indentured servant in the Middle colonies in the eighteenth century. Unlike other indentured servants, they did not sign a contract before leaving Europe. Instead they found employers after arriving in America

Enlightenment

An eighteenth-century philosophical movement that emphasises the use of reason to reevaluate previously accepted doctrines and traditions and the power of reason to understand and shape the world

pietism

A Christian revival movement characterized by Bible study, the conversion experience, and the individual's personal relationship with God. It began as an effort to reform the German Lutheran Church in the mid-seventeenth century and became widely influential in Britain and its colonies in the eighteenth century

natural rights

The rights to life, liberty, and property. According to the philosopher John Locke in Two Treatises of Government (1690), political authority was not given by God to monarchs. Instead, it derived from social compacts that people made to preserve these rights

deism

The Enlightenment-influenced belief that Christian God created the universe and then left it to run according to natural laws

revival

A renewal of religious enthusiasm in a Christian congregation. In the eighteenth century, they were often inspired by evangelical preachers who urged their listeners to experience a rebirth

Old Lights

conservative ministers opposed to the passion displayed by evangelical preachers; they preferred to emphasize the importance of cultivating a virtuous Christian life

New Lights

Evangelical preachers, many of them influenced by John Wesley, the founder of english Methodism, and George Whitefield, the charismatic itinerant preacher who bought his message to Britain's American colonies. They described a Christian faith that was merely intellectual and emphasized the importance of a spiritual rebirth

consumer revolution

An increase in competition in English manufactures in Britain and the British colonies fueled by the Industrial Revolution. even though It raised the standards of living, it landed many consumers -and the colonies as whole- in debt

Regulators

Landowning protesters who organized in North and South Carolina in the 1760s and 1770s to demand that the eastern-controlled government provided western districts with more courts, fairer taxation, and greater representation in the assembly

Tribute

The practice of collecting goods from conquered peoples.

Matriarchy

A gendered power structure in which social identity and property descend through the female line.

Animism

Spiritual beliefs that center on the natural world. Animists do not worship a supernatural God; instead, they pay homage to spirits and spiritual forces that they believe dwell in the natural world.

Patriarchy

A gendered power structure in which social identity and property descend through the male line and male heads of family rule over women and children.

Primogeniture

The practice of passing family land, by will or by custom, to the eldest son.

Peasents

The traditional term for farmworkers in Europe. Some peasants owned land, while others leased or rented small plots.

Republic

A state without a monarch or prince that is governed by representatives of the people.

Civic Humanism

The belief that individuals owe a service to their community and its government. During the Renaissance, political theorists argued that selfless service to the state was of critical importance in a self-governing republic.

Renaissance

A cultural transformation in the arts and learning that began in Italy in the fourteenth century and spread through much of Europe. Its ideals reshaped art and architecture and gave rise to civic humanism.

Guilds

Organizations of skilled workers in medieval and early modern Europe that regulated the entry into, and the practice of, a trade.

Christianity

A religion that holds the belief that Jesus Christ was himself divine. For centuries, the Roman Catholic Church was the great unifying institution in Western Europe, and it was from Europe that Christianity spread to the Americas.

Hersey

A religious doctrine that is inconsistent with the teachings of the church.

Islam

A religion that considers Muhammad to be God's last prophet. Following the death of Muhammad in A.D. 632, the newly converted Arab peoples of North Africa used force and fervor to spread the Muslim faith into sub-Saharan Africa, India, Indonesia, Spain, and the Balkan regions of Europe.

Crusades

A series of wars undertaken by Christian armies between A.D. 1096 and 1291 to reverse the Muslim advance in Europe and win back the holy lands where Christ had lived.

Predestination

The Protestant Christian belief that God chooses certain people for salvation before they are born. Sixteenth-century theologian John Calvin was the main proponent of this doctrine, which became a fundamental tenet of Puritan theology.

Protestant Reformation

The reform movement that began in 1517 with Martin Luther's critiques of the Roman Catholic Church and that precipitated an enduring schism that divided Protestants from Catholics.

Counter Reformation

A reaction in the Catholic Church triggered by the Reformation that sought change from within and created new monastic and missionary orders, including the Jesuits (founded in 1540), who saw themselves as soldiers of Christ.

Trans-Saharan Trade

The primary avenue of trade for West Africans before European traders connected them to the Atlantic World. Controlled in turn by the Ghana, Mali, and Songhai empires, it carried slaves and gold to North Africa in exchange for salt and other goods.

Reconquista

The campaign by Spanish Catholics to drive North African Moors (Muslim Arabs) from the European mainland. After a centuries-long effort to recover their lands, the Spaniards defeated the Moors at Granada in 1492 and secured control of all of Spain.

Hiawatha

Legendary founder of the powerful Iroquois Confederacy. Mowhak man who lost his family in the Native American wars --> met a spirit who taught him a series of condolence rituals --> returned to his people preaching new gospel of peace and power and his condolence rituals became foundation of Iroquois Confederacy

Martin Luther

A German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. Condemned church fro corruption, downplayed the role of clergy as mediators between God and believers, and said that Christians must look to the Bible, not the Church as the ultimate authority in matters of faith. Translated Bible to German

Mansa Musa

The tenth emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He was a devout Muslim who is famed for his construction projects and support of mosques and schools --> went on famous pilgrimage to Mecca that spent immense amounts of Gold

Vasco De Gama

Portuguese explorer who was the first to reach East Africa [1497] and India --> Mistaken for Chinese traders and obtained valuable resources for cheap European goods --> came back to India with 20 fighter ships which outmanuvered and gunned the Arabs

Christopher Columbus

Italian explorer funded by the Spanish monarch to sail west from Spain to Asia [believed Atlantic ocean separated Europe and Asia] --> sailed to America in 1492 --> explored and claimed the Caribbean islands for Spain

Herán Cortes

Spanish conquistador that toppled the Aztec empire in 1521 and extended Spanish rule over the Aztecs. His lieutenants also conquered Mayan city states.

Moctezuma

The Aztec emperor who ruled over the Aztec's when Herán Cortes defeated them. At the time of Moctezuma the Aztec capital was Tenochtitlán, and when the Spanish arrived at the capital, Moctezuma was awed by the Spanish and invited them into his city.

Pedro Alvares Cabral

Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; blown off course in 1500 and landed in Brazil. He claimed Brazil for the Portugese

Chattel Slavery

A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold like property.

Neo-European

Terms for colonies in which colonists sought to replicate, or at least approximate, economies and social structures they knew at home.

encomienda

A grant of Indian labor in Spanish America given in the sixteenth century by the Spanish kings to prominent men where tribute was extracted from the Indians in exchange for granting them protection and Christian instruction.

Columbian Exchange

The massive global exchange of living things, including people, animals, plants, and diseases, between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres that began after the voyages of Columbus.

Outwork

A system of manufacturing, also known as putting out, used extensively in England woolen industry in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Merchants bought wool and then hired landless peasants who lived in small cottages to spin and weave it into cloth, which the merchants would sell in English and foreign markets. [Government aids textile entrepreneurs --> system of state-assisted manufacturing and trade became known as mercantilism][First example of mercantilism

Mercnatilism

A system of political economy based government regulation. Beginning in 1650, Britain enacted Navigation Acts that controlled colonial commerce and manufacturing for the enrichment of Britain [Ex: of Mercantilism]

House of Burgesses

Organ of government in colonial Virginia made up of an assembly of representatives elected by the colony's inhabitants.

Royal colony

A colony in the English system that was chartered by the crown. The governor was appointed by the crown and served according to the instructions of the Board of Trade.

Freeholds

Land owned in its entirety, without feudal due or landlord obligations. gave the owner the legal right to improve, transfer, or sell their landed property

headright system

A system of land distribution, pioneered in Virginia and used in several other colonies, that granted land — usually 50 acres — to anyone who paid the passage of a new arrival. By this means, large planters amassed huge landholdings as they imported large numbers of servants and slaves.

Indentured Servitude

Workers contracted for service for a specified period. In exchange for agreeing to work for four or five years (or more) without wages in the colonies, indentured workers received passage across the Atlantic, room and board, and status as a free person at the end of the contract period.

Pilgrims

One of the first Protestant groups to come to America, seeking a separation from the Church of England. They founded Plymouth, the first permanent community in New England, in 1620.

Puritans

Dissenters from the church of England who wanted a genuine Reformation rather than the partial Reformation sought by Henry VIII. Their Religious principles emphasized the importance of individual's relationship with God developed through Bible study, prayer, and introspection.

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Joint-stock corporation

A financial organization devised by English merchants around 1550 that facilitated the colonization of North America. In these companies, a number of investors pooled their capital and received shares of stock in the enterprise in proportion to their share of the total investment.

Toleration

The allowance of different Religious practices. Lord Baltimore persuaded the Maryland assembly to enact the Toleration Act (1649), which granted Christians the right to follow their beliefs and hold church services. The crown imposed this on Massachusetts Bay in its new royal charter of 1691.

Covenant of works

The Christian idea that God's elect must do good works in their earthly lives to earn their salvation. [Chtistian]

Covenant of Grace

The Christian idea that God's elect are granted salvation as a pure gift of grace. This doctrine holds that nothing people can do can erase sins or earn them a place in heaven. [Calvonist]

Town meeting

A system of local government in New England in which all male heads of households met regularly to elect selectmen, levy local taxes, and regulate markets, roads, and schools.

Philip II

Ardent Catholic king of Spain (1556-1598) when Spain was the most powerful nation in Europe because of the wealth it obtained from Mexico and Peru. Lead the Counter-Reformation by persecuting Protestants in his holdings. Also sent the Spanish Armada against England. By focusing all of Spain's new wealth on religious wars and not the industry [also people where fighting in wars not working in the industry], he brought Spain into economic depression.

Francis Drake

Protestant seafarer who was the most famous Elizabethan "sea dog." He supported England in taking aggressive action against Spanish control of American wealth, hurt Philip's American interests, and helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596).

Opechancanough

Powhatan's brother who became the head of the native confederacy after Powhatan's death. He resumed the effort to defend tribal lands from European encroachments. Important because his attacks on the white settlers of Jamestown helped to end the Virginia Company and to begin the colony coming under the control of the English crown.

Lord Baltimore

He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics.

John Winthrop

As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

Roger Williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south.

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority. (She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders.) She was forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637. Her followers (the Antinomianists) founded the colony of New Hampshire in 1639.

Metacom

Aka King Philip, Native American ruler, who in 1675 led attack on colonial villages throughout Massachusetts

Proprietorship

A colony created through a grant of land from the English monarch to an individual or group, who then set up a form of government largely independent from royal control.

Quakers

Epithet for members of the Society of Friends. Their belief that God spoke directly to each individual through an "inner light" and that neither ministers nor the Bible was essential to discovering God's Word put them in conflict with both the Church of England and orthodox Puritans.

Navigation Acts

English laws passed, beginning in the 1650s and 1660s, requiring that certain English colonial goods be shipped through English ports on English ships manned primarily by English sailors in order to benefit English merchants, shippers, and seamen.

Dominion of New England

A royal province created by King James II in 1686 that would have absorbed Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, New York, and New Jersey into a single, vast colony and eliminated their assemblies and other chartered rights. James's plan was canceled by the Glorious Revolution in 1988, which removed him from the throne.

Glorious Revolution

A quick and nearly bloodless coup in 1688 in which James II of England was overthrown by William of Orange. Whig politicians forced the new King William and Queen Mary to accept the Declaration of Rights, creating a constitutional monarchy that enhanced the powers of the House of Commons at the expense of the crown.

Consitutional monarchy

A monarchy limited in its rule by a constitution

Second Hundred Years' War

An era of warfare beginning with the War of the league of Augsburg in 1689 and lasting until the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815. In that time, England fought in seven major wars, the longest era of peace lasted only twenty-six years

Tribalization

The adaptation of stateless peoples to the demands imposed on them by neighboring states

Covenant Chain

The alliance of the Iroquois, first with the colony of New York, then with the British Empire and its colonies. It become a model for relations between the British Empire and other Native American Peoples

South-Atlantic system

South Atlantic system

A new agricultural and commercial order that produced sugar, tobacco, rice, and other tropical and subtropical products for an international market. Its plantation societies were ruled by European planter-merchants and worked by hundreds of thousands of enslaved Africans.

Middle Passage

The brutal sea voyage from Africa to the Americas that took the lives of nearly two million enslaved Africans.

Stono Rebellion

Slave uprising in 1739 along the Stono River in South Carolina in which a group of slaves armed themselves, plundered six plantations, and killed more than twenty colonists. Colonists quickly suppressed the rebellion

Gentility

A refined style of living and elaborate manners that came to be highly prized among well-to-do English families after 1600 and strongly influenced leading colonists after 1700.

Salutary Neglect

A term used to describe British colonial policy during the reigns of George I (r. 1714-1727) and George II affairs, royal bureaucrats inadvertently assisted the rise of self government in North America

Patronage

The powers of elected officials to grant government jobs and favors to their supports; also the jobs and favors themselves

Land banks

An institution, established by a colonial legislature, that printed paper money and lent it to farmers, taking a lien on their land to ensure repayment

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

Edmund Andros

He was the royal governor of the Dominion of New England. Colonists resented his enforcement of the Navigation Acts and the attempt to abolish the colonial assembly.

William of Orange

The Protestant Dutch Prince whom the leaders of the Whig party invited to take control of England, preventing a Catholic heir of the English throne. He came in happily giving a lot of power to Parliament that the monarchy used to have but then also got to use England's resources to fight in lots of European wars. The coup was called the Glorious Revolution

Jacob Leisler

Dutchman who led the rebellion against the Dominion of New England in New York. At first, he had support, but due to the alienation of many people he became vulnerable and was indicted for treason and hung by his following New York governor Henry Slaughter

William Byrd II

Wealthy Virginia planter: sent son to school in England to support him in marrying into English Gentry --> demonstrated inferior colonial status

--> used wealth to rule of white yeoman families and tenant farmers. One of the first to model himself and his family after English aristocracy [acting like gentlemen, developing the southern gentry]

Robert Walpole

Prime minister of Great Britain in the first half of the 1700s. His position towards the colonies was salutary neglect.

Isaac Newton

Used the sciences of mathematics and physics to explain the movement of the planets and the sun (invented calculus in process). Very religious, but work undermined traditional Christian understanding of cosmos. One of the first Enlightenment thinkers.

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. Enlightenment thinker.

Benjamin Franklin

American enlightenment figure [intellectual, scientist, printer, inventor, and politician ] Was a diest who owned a printing press. He was well respect in England due to his scientific discoveries.

Jonathan Edwards

Preacher during the First Great Awakening; American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758)

Geogre Whitefield

English minister who transformed revivals into the great awakening. He was a follower of English Methodism. He gave great speeches that told people they had sinned and that they needed salvation. Converts where called new lights --> new lights spread Whitefield's message [Even Diest Benjamin Franklin printed the work of Whitefield]

Tanaghrisson

One of two "half kings" sent by Iroquois to native settlement of Logstown. Recognized by British as leaders. Sparked war by killing a French officer. Started the war because the war would force British arms to support Iroquois interesnt in the valley.

William Pitt

Architect for the British war effort during the Great war for the Empire [Seven Years war & French and Indian war] --> committed expansionist with touch of arogance

Pontiac

famous chief of the Ottawa who preferred French rule and led a major uprising at Detroit. His uprising inspired others to follow his lead and the N.A. conquered all British forts west of Fort Niagara, Besieged Fort Pitt, and killed/captured 2,000 settlers. The British eventually reconquered all the land.