general structure bones and joints

epiphysis

wide section at the end of a long bone - filled with spongy bone spaces filled with red marrow

diaphysis

middle section in long bone - medullary cavity is hollow and filled with yellow marrow

epiphyseal cartilages

between epiphysis and diaphysis in long bones

examples of long bones

femur and humerus

short bones

cube shaped bones ex phalanges

flat bones

thin or curved ex scapula

irregular bones

complex shape ex vertebrate like thoracic or cervical

sesamoid bones

Small and round bones embedded in tendons ex patella

pneumatic bones

air filled cavity lined by mucous membranes ex skull (has some) and maxilla

fibrous joint

adjacent bones connected by fibrous connective tissue strong not much mobility ex suture connnect scalp parts and interosseous membrane

cartilaginous joint

allow only slight movement connected entirely by cartilage ex intervertebral disc or interpubic disc

synovial joint

fluid filled joint cavity that has high mobility between two adjacent bones ex femur to patella or cervial vertebrate to skull

structural features of synovial joints

1 articular capsule filled by synovial fluid

2 synovial membrane make synovial fluid

3 fibrous capsule

4 articular (hyaline) cartilage covers articular surface

accessory structures synovial joint

ligaments, articular discs, articular lips, bursae

ligament

situated out or in articular capsule functions for stability and to guide or restrict movement

articular discs

disc - cartilaginous tissue small and oval-shaped and meniscus - large and c shaped

they both have same function which is ensure good contact, absorb shock and pressure, guide bones across eachother and stabilise joint

3 multiple choice options

articular lip (labrum/labra)

connective tissue with cartilage on margin of articular bone its function is to enlarge surfaces and stbaility for joints

bursa

fluid filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another

types of synovial joints

plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, and ball and socket

plane joint

Allows gliding movements between flat surfaces ex intercarpal, intertarsal, intervertebral, sacroiliac joint

hinge joint (ginglymus)

Joint between bones that permits motion in only one plane monoaxial, flexion and extension in sagittal plane ex humeroulnar and intephalangeal joint

pivot joint (trochoid)

a cylindrical surface rotates within a ring of bone and fibrous tissue ex the joint between the proximal ends of the radius and ulna (proximal radioulnar) and between the dens of the axis and the atlas (atlantoaxial)

condylar/condyloid joint (ellipsoid)

oval convex surface on one bone and depression on other side and is biaxial so it moves in two planes (flexion extention in saggital + abduction anddeduction in frontal = circumduction)

saddle joint (sellar)

both bones have saddle shaped surface - concave in one direction convex in other

biaxial

flex and ext (sagg) + abduct and adduct (frontal) = opposition

ball and socket joint (spheroidal joint)

multiaxial joint w flex and ext, abd and adduct, circumduction and medial/ lateral rotation movements ex shoulder and hip joints

uniaxial

movement in single plane around sigle axis ex hinge and pivot joint

biaxial

movement in two planes ex saddle condylar and plane joints

triaxial

movement in three planes ex ball and socket joint

sagittal plane

vertical division of the body into right and left portions

coronal plane

divides body into front and back

transverse plane

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

transversal axis

pependicular to sagittal plane

sagittal axis

perpendicular to coronal plane

longitudinal axis

perpendicular to transverse plane

flexion and extension

flex - decrease (anterior) / extend - increase (posterior) in joint angle

abduction/adduction

coronal plane on sagittal axis - movement away (laterally) /into (medially) from the midline

rotation

horizontal plane on longitudinal vertical axis

circumduction

combine flex + adduct + extend + abduct to rotate a joint