Untitled Flashcards Set

Citation Form

When a word is pronounced carefully as a single item.

Example of Citation Form

"him" as /hɪm/.

Connected Speech

When you join two or more words together in the creation of an utterance.

Example of Connected Speech

"I caught him" as /aɪkatəm/.

Coarticulation

The overlapping of the articulators during speech production in order to maintain rapidity of connected speech.

Example of Coarticulation

The /s/ in "soon" is rounded due to the anticipation of /u/.

Progressive Assimilation

Occurs when a phoneme's identity changes as the result of a phoneme preceding it.

Example of Progressive Assimilation

/dɑgz/ instead of /dɑgs/.

Regressive Assimilation

The identity of a phoneme is modified due to a phoneme following it.

Example of Regressive Assimilation

"was she" would be /wʌʒʃi/ instead of /wʌzʃi/.

Elision

The omission of a sound or syllable when speaking.

Example of Elision

"exactly" might be spoken as /əgzæklɪ/.

Epenthesis

Additional phonemes added to word production.

Prothesis in Epenthesis

Epenthesis that can occur in the beginning syllable.

Paragoge in Epenthesis

Epenthesis that can occur at the end of a word.

Metathesis

The switching of sounds in a word, typically consonants.

Example of Metathesis

spaghetti becoming pasghetti.

Vowel Reduction

The process in which vowels are converted into similar vowel sounds with less emphasis.

Suprasegmental Aspects of Speech

Characteristics that affect sentence structure and speech natural rhythm.

Intonation

Modification of a voice pitch indicating a statement, question, or exclamation.

How does Intonation cue the listener?

It cues the listener to whether a question is being asked or a statement is being made.

Rising Intonational Phrase

Increase in pitch; typical of questions and incomplete thoughts.

Example of Rising Intonational Phrase

Will she be there tomorrow?

Falling Intonational Phrase

Lower in pitch; typical of the finality of an utterance.

Example of Falling Intonational Phrase

My favorite color is yellow.

Tempo

Describes the duration of connected speech; considered a suprasegmental feature.

What does Tempo refer to in speech?

The duration and timing of individual phonemes and pauses in a sentence.

Sentence Stress

Distinguishes the type of information being presented by a speaker.

How does Sentence Stress vary?

It may vary depending on the speaker; content words tend to receive stress.

Content Words

Words that contain important information in a phrase/sentence and tend to receive sentence stress.

Example of Content Word

'Donna drove to school.

Function Words

Words that contain less importance in a sentence and tend not to receive stress.

Which words typically do not receive stress in a sentence?

Function words like pronouns.

Contrastive Sentence Stress

Use of sentence stress to indicate a speaker's particular intent.

Example of Contrastive Sentence Stress

Leigh purchased a new car; intent: Kennedi didn't buy the car.

Juncture

Used to indicate the way syllables and words are linked together in connected speech.

Open (Internal) Juncture

Pause between phonemes to help identify syllable boundaries.

Example of Open (Internal) Juncture

night rate.

Closed (Internal) Juncture

No pause between syllables; no special symbols needed.

Example of Closed (Internal) Juncture

nitrate.

External Juncture

A pause that connects two intonational phrases.