BIG LAYLA MADE SET

Soma

Cell body with nucleus

Axon

Nerve fiber for sending signals

Dendrite

Membrane protrusion from the soma specialized for receiving impulses

Synapse

Point of communication between cells

Axon hillock

Location of summation of synaptic impulses and start an action potential

Myelin sheath

an insulating covering around the axon that speeds up action potential propagation.

Oligodendrocyte

CNS glial cell that produces myelin around axons. One oligodendrocyte can myelinate portions of multiple axons.

Node of Ranvier

Space between oligondendrocyte myelin

Nissl

Stains only and all cell bodies

Nissl use

Can be used to count cells, quantify damage, find placement of implants

Golgi

Stains entire neurons but only a small percentage of themC

Golgi use

Can be used to assess morphology by counting synapses, or dendritic branching, size, complexity

Neurons average size

0.01 to 0.05mm or 10-50um

How many axons does most neurons have

1

Multipolar

Soma has multiple dendrites and usually a single axon

Bipolar

Soma has a single dendrite and axon

Pseudounipolar

Axon that connects directly to dendrites

Astroctye (4)

Provide structure, growth guidance of neurons. Regulates extracellular fluid concentrations. Control blood brain barrier. Envelope synapses to catch NT

What is the most numerous glia in the brain

Astrocyte

Satellite

Controls cellular envrionment in the PNS

Oligondendrocyte

Meylin in the CNS

Schwann

Myeline in the PNS

What does myelin do

Speeds propagation of action potential down an axon

Ependymal

Line ventricles. Produce cerebrospinal fluid. Guide neuron migration during development

Microglia

Immune system of the CNS

Cytosol

Aqueous solution of the cytoplasm

Cytoplasm

Everything but the nucleus inside a cell

Organelles

Membrane enclosed structures

Nuclear envelop

Double membrane

Chromosomes

Nucleic acid chains of genetic information passed to your offspring. All cells contain all of your dna

DNA

Genetic information coded as nucleic acids

Gene

Region of DNA that codes for a specific protein

Gene expression

“reading” of the DNA

Transcription

Copy of gene from DNA. DoneRNA polymerase to create mRNA

Translation

Build protein with amino acids under the direction of mRNA. Ribosome.

Promoter

Where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription of a gene

Terminator

Stop signal for rna polymerase

Exons

Coding regions of a gene

Intron

Non-coding, poorly understood, regulator portions of DNA

What happen during splicing

Introns are removed and exons are fused together

Transcription factor

Proteins that turns gene “on” or “off” by binding to DNA

Activators

Boost transcription

Repressors

Decrease transcription

Enhances or silencers

Turn genes on/off in specific parts of the body

Transgenic mice

Any change to a mouse’s genetics

Knock-out mice

Replace target gene with non-functional homologous dna

Knock in mice

Replacing existing DNA or adding additional DNA that codes for genes from another animal

5xFAD

Knock-in 5 human genes linked to familial AD

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER)?,

A membrane in the cytosol with ribosomes attached to it.

What do ribosomes attached to the rough ER manufacture?

Transmembrane proteins.

Why do neurons have especially many ribosomes on the rough ER?

Neurons require many transmembrane proteins because they are highly specialized for communication.

Can ribosome be free

Yes they can be free floating, cytosol protein

What does the smooth ER synthesize?,

Lipids

How does the smooth ER regulate intracellular Ca2+ concentration?

It stores Ca2+ to keep Ca2+ concentrations low in the cytoplasm.

What role does the smooth ER have in protein processing?

It helps with transmembrane protein folding.

What is the Golgi apparatus?

The intracellular membrane furthest from the nucleus that is involved in intracellular transport.

What does the Golgi apparatus create for transmembrane protein insertion?,

Membrane-bound vesicles.

What are secretory vesicles?

Membrane-bound bubbles created by the Golgi that contain chemical messengers for extracellular release.

What is an example of a chemical messenger transported in a secretory vesicle?

A hormone

What does the mitochondrion take in to produce ATP?

Pyruvic acid and oxygen, which are found in the cytosol.

How is ADP converted into ATP?

A phosphate is added to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), converting it into ATP.

Where does ATP production occur in the mitochondrion according to the lecture?,

In the cristae.

How many ATP molecules are produced per pyruvic acid according to the lecture?

17 ATP molecules.

What is the function of the neuronal membrane?,

It acts as a barrier between intracellular and extracellular fluids.

Why are concentration gradients across the membrane important?,

They are fundamental for neural communication and action potentials.

What are transmembrane proteins?

Proteins embedded within the membrane that span between the intracellular and extracellular spaces.

What is the function of membrane pumps?

They return the membrane to its resting potential.

What is the function of membrane pores?,

They allow rapid changes in membrane potential.

What are microtubules?

Hollow tubes made of tubulin that run the length of neurites.

What is the function of microtubules?,

They act as tracks for motor proteins to transport vesicles.

What is the function of neurofilaments?,

They support axons and regulate axon diameter, which influences conduction velocity.

What is the function of microfilaments?,

They push the membrane to cause neurite growth and regulate synapse size and shape.

Axon size

1um to 25um in humans

Hillock

Beginning of the axon

Collaterals

Branching of the axon to send the same message to multiple targets

Recurrent collaterals

Synapse back on the origionating cell

Another word for axon terminal

Terminal bouton, synaptic bouton, presynaptic ternimal, end feet

What is the axon terminal

End of an axon and the site of “contact” with other neurons

Terminal arbot

Branching of axon at the terminal

How does the axon terminal cytosol differ from the axon?

, It has no microtubules, contains synaptic vesicles, and contains mitochondria due to high energy demand.

What are synaptic vesicles?,

Small membrane bubbles containing neurotransmitters to be released.

What is a synapse?,

The point of contact where information is transferred between cells.

What do presynaptic and postsynaptic mean?,

Presynaptic sends the signal; postsynaptic receives the signal.

What is the synaptic cleft?,

The space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic cells.

What happens during synaptic transmission?,

An electrical signal causes neurotransmitter release, and the neurotransmitter binds postsynaptic receptors to produce an electrical signal.

Axoplasmic transport

The movement of proteins and other supplies through the axon.

Why is axoplasmic transport necessary?,

Axons lack ribosomes, so supplies and proteins must be transported from the soma.

What are the two directions of axoplasmic transport?,

Kinesin = anterograde (soma → terminal); Dynein = retrograde (terminal → soma).

Dendrite

Function as an antenna for a neuron

Dendritic tree or arbor

all the dendrites of a neuron

Dendritic spines

Synapses

Receptors

Specialized proteins that bind to neurotransmittes and convert extracellular chemical sign to an intracellular electrical signal