Metabolism notes ap biology

A living cell is a chemical factory, what does this mean

a living cell is a miniature chemical factory where thousands of reactions occur, the cell extracts energy and applies energy to perform work

metabolism

totality of an organisms chemical reactions

metabolism is an ____ property of life that arises from ______

emergent, interactions between molecule within the cell

metabolic pathway

begins with a specific molecule (reactant) and ends with a product

each step of the metabolic pathway is catalyzed by a _____

specific enzyme

Catabolic pathways

release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds

example of catabolic pathways

cellular respiration, the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen

Anabolic pathways

consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones

example of anabolism

synthesis of protein from amino acids

Bioenergetics

study of how organisms manage their energy resources

energy definition in metabolism

capacity to cause change

all forms of energy that can do work

kinetic energy, thermal energy, potential energy, chemical energy

Kinetic energy

energy associated with motion

Thermal energy

kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules

Potential energy

energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure

Chemical energy

potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

Thermodynamics

study of energy transformations

in a open system, energy and matter can be _______

transferred between the system and its surroundings

Isolated system

approximated by liquid in a thermos, isolated from its surroundings

Organisms are an example of what system

open systems

First law of thermodynamics and how it relates to ecology

energy can be transferred and transformed but it cannot be created or destroyed. Also called the principle of conservation of energy

Second law of thermodynamics and how it relates to ecology

every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe. During every energy transfer or transformation, some energy is unusable and lost as heat

Spontaneous processes

occur without a net energy input, can happen quickly or slowly

For a process to occur without energy input, it must increase the ________

entropy of the universe, release energy as heat

free energy

energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform, as in a living cell

Change in free energy calculation

change in total energy minus change in entrophy times temperature in kelvin

only processes with a negative ____ are spontaneous

free energy

free energy is a measure of a systems ____, its tendency to change to a more ____

instability, stable state

During a spontaneous change, free energy ____ and the stability of a system ____

decreases, increases

equilibrium is a state of _____

maximum stability

a process is spontaneous and can perform work only when it is moving toward ______

equilibrium

Exergonic reaction

proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous

endergonic reaction

absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is nonspontaneous

Three main kinds of cellular work

chemical, transport, mechanical

how do cells manage energy resources to do work

energy coupling, the use of an exergonic process to drive a endergonic one

most energy coupling in cells is mediated by ____

ATP

what is atp composed of

ribose (sugar), adenine (nitrogenous base), and three phosphate groups

energy is ____ from atp when the terminal phosphate bond is ____

released, broken

how can the bonds between the phosphate groups of ATPs tail be broken

hydrolysis

What does the release of energy from breaking the terminal phosphate bond of ATP come from

the chemical change to a state of lower free energy

what are the three types of cellular work( ____, ____ and ____) powered by

chemical, transport, mechanical, hydrolysis of ATP

Coupled reactions overall are ____

exergonic

ATP is a ____ resource that is ____ by addition of a phosphate group to ____

renewable, regenerated, adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

The energy to phosphorylate ADP comes from _____ in the cell

catabolic reactions

ATP drives endergonic reactions by _______

phosphorylation, transferring a phosphate group to some other molecules, such as a reactant

The recipient molecule is phosphorylation is now called a

phosphorylated intermediate