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Chapter 1
Humanism
The term used in the Renaissance to distinguish the period they were working in from the past, stressed living in this world with human dignity
Focus of Humanism
Responsible citizenship (humanism is a civic idea)
Patronage
Financial support from organization/person, provided to artists in Renaissance
Popular patrons of the arts
Cosimo de Medici, Lorenzo de Medici
Perspective
A unique way of thinking and understanding something
Secular
A worldview that separates religion from human existence
Vernacular
The language native to a country
What artist studied anatomy?
Michelangelo
Who invented linear perspective?
Brunelleschi
What was Brunelleschi known for?
Finishing the Dome in the Florence Cathedral and inventing new art methods
Who were the artists influenced by?
Ancient Greeks and Romans, classical focus on proportion
Renaissance
Revival of classical ideas
Renaissance technology advancements
Invention of the printing press (Gutenberg) allowed ideas to spread quickly
Renaissance impact on institutions
People question Church’s authority and more modern political ideas about rights
Medici Family
Rich banking family in Florence who controlled the area and patronage in arts
Cosimo de Medici
Used his money to control Florence and support artists to spark culture
Brunelleschi’s major problem
Constructing a massive dome without scaffolding, designed unique pulley system
Medici Family Power
They maintained control through banking and money
Conflict between Medici and Albizzi
Albizzi were rival family of Medici and accused Cosimo of treason, he was exiled but came back due to people in city liking him and he overthrew Albizzi
Machiavelli beliefs
better to be feared than loved
Feudal System
Society organized into small estates dominated by overlords guaranteeing security: king, nobles, knights, peasants
Crusades
Western Europe’s first imperialist venture since fall of Rome, Christian states against turkish muslims in Jerusalem, when armies passed through Middle East old ideas came back
Fall of Constantinople 1453
Ottoman empire took over, trade routes closed to Europe and Europe needed overseas expansion
Silk Road
Trade route for silk and spices to Europe
Power of Church
Pope becomes the most powerful in Europe, Church becomes centre of law and politics
Emergence of Merchant Class
Middle class begin to dominate Western civilization, raw materiasls and expanded markets
Renaissance was?
A time when faith and tradition began to be replaced by learning and curiousity
Birthplace of the Renaissance
Florence
Cosimo Art Sponsors
Angelico, Lipi, Donatello, Brunelleschi
Lorenzo Art Sponsors
Leonardo, Botticelli, Michelangelo
Savonarola
Florence controlled by Dominican monk Savonarola, he creates fear when he burned many pieces of art because they began to separate from religion, art used to be only religious
Julius II
Pope who used papal armies to expand his state, destroyed original church and rebuilt it, Michelangelo designed the dome
Leo X
Last pope of the Renaissance, continued to finance artists
Two of the most famous writings
Book of the courtier, the prince
The Prince by Machiavelli
Wrote The Prince to Lorenzo de Medici to secure a job, advocated that a Prince should be feared and deceitful
Charles V of Spain 3 books
Bible, Machiavelli’s Prince, Castiglione’s Courtier
Spread of Renaissance
Began to spread Catholic Europe, movement of people enabled spread of new ideas. Northern Humanism sparks reformation.
Humanist worldview
More centered on a Christian worldview
Renaissance ideal person
One who would develop fully in the context of the city state, living for others
Francesco Petrarch
Early Italian Humanist, fall of Rome as the dark age and valued classical ideas
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
Believed God made humans with the ability to shape their own lives, humans were free agents
Desiderius Erasmus
Wrote praise of folly which is critical of Renaissance papacy, was a monk but abandoned for school, combined desire for excellence in classical studies with Christian piety
Erasmus beliefs
Believed that what distinguishes humans is REASON
Niccolo Machiavelli beliefs
Believed Renaissance state existed on itso wn, not as part of any other institution, believed rulers should be grounded in reality
Christian Humanism (Northern Renaissance)
Favoured a simplistic version of Christianity, apply reason and scholarship to both secular and religious text, move away from dogma which inhibited full development of individual
Thomas More
English lawyer who brought Renaissance to North, beheaded by King Henry VIII for refusing to acknowledge him as Supreme Head of Church.
Thomas More beliefs
Believed in a cooperative society with social and political reform, no private property, challenges laws (basically first communist)
Criteria for advanced civilization
Innovation
Leadership
Laws
Natural Resources
Military
Economy
Geography
Societal roles
Infrastructure
Allies
Constantinople
Modern day Turkiye
Timbuktu
Southern Africa
Beijing
Modern day China
Seville
Spain
Delhi/Agra/Fatehpur Sikri
India
Tenochtitlan
Mexico
Botticelli
Birth of Venus, pagan God painting
Raphael
School of Athens drawing, human anatomy
Michelangelo
Sculpture of David (nudity), creation of Adam
Leonardo da Vinci
The Last Supper
