Introduction to the Human Body - Anatomy & Physiology

_____ is fundamental to ALL life sciences

biology

Anatomy

study of body structure & the relationships among structures

Morphology

study of form & markings on the body’s surface

Gross Anatomy

study of structures w/o a microscope

• something that can be seen (like the heart, not cells)

• opposite of Histology

Systemic Anatomy

study of the body’s systems

• respiratory, nervous

Histology

microscopic study of tissue structure

• opposite of Gross Anatomy

Physiology

knowing the body’s (parts) functions & how they work

Cell Phsiology

study of cell specialization/differentiation (cells have different jobs)

Neurophysiology

study of nerve functions

Endocrinology

study of hormones & how they control body functions

Cardiovascular

study of functions of the heart & blood vessels (tubes)

Immunology

study of the immune system (body defense mechanisms)

Genetics..

DNA

Psychology..

Brain

Pathology..

Diseases

Biochemistry..

life

Lvls of Structural Organization: from Smallest to Largest

Chemicals, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

Chemical Lvl

• NOT alive

• in most plants and animals

Chemical Lvl: Subdivisions

• subatomic particles

• atoms

• molecules

• macromolecules

• organelles

Subatomic Particles

electrons, protons, neutrons

atoms

elements

molecules

atoms tgr, compound (O2, H2O)

macromolecules

bigger compounds (DNA, proteins)

organelles

tiny parts of the cell (nucleus)

Chemical Lvl: Essential to Life

CHON: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

• Calcium

• Glucose (C6H12O6)

cellular lvl

basic structural & functional unit of all life

1. you consist of cells, they build you

2. cells do the jobs

   ** the building AND the workers **

cell examples

muscle, nerve, blood

How many different kinds of cells are there?

260

• not as many ppl would think bc the same type of cell CAN do different jobs

Cells are like humans in the fact that they..

change, develop, and die

Cells are specialized/differentiated, what does this mean?

they have developed in such a way where they are able to perform certain tasks (jobs)

cells change during embryonic development and become _______ for certain function

specialized/differentiated

Tissue lvl

groups of cells that have a common origin, appearance, & function

• same type of cell comes from same clump

____ basic tissues

4

Basic tissues?

• Epithelial

• Muscle

• Connective

• Nervous

**MENC

Epithelial tissue

covers, protects surfaces (skin)

muscle tissue

• allows movement

• causes your body (internally & externally) to move

connective tissue

joins parts tgr & provides support

nervous tissue

responds to environment stimuli (senses) & coordinates bodily activity

• feel, think

Organ lvl

structures composed of 2 or more different types of tissues, have specific functions, & have recognizable shapes

• all must work together to function

organ examples??

heart, brain, liver, eyes, lungs

Organ System lvl

consists of several related organs that have a common function

• organs can belong to more than one system

  • ex: pancreas involved in digestive AND endocrine

Organ system examples

digestive, reproductive, endocrine, respiratory, nervous

Final Level of structural organization?

organism

Life Processes of Humans (name as many as you can)

Absorption, Assimilation, Circulation, Digestion, Excretion, Growth & Development, Movement, Reproduction, Respiration, Resposiveness

RED CARD ARM**

Responsiveness

response to stimuli inside or out (brain, nerves)

Reproductions: 2 types

• new organisms - meiosis

• new cells - mitosis

Respiration

use of oxygen to obtain energy from food (ATP = energy)

Digestion

process to turning food to energy by liquifying food particles

Absorption

take things into body & send them places

• passage of substances through sending liquids around membranes into body fluids

Assimilation

change to fit in

• changing of substances into chemically different forms

Excretion

waste removal, removed from body because not needed

most of the life processes of humans are combined to get…

Metabolism

What are the 2 ideas that underlie the whole subject of anatomy and physiology?

1. Homeostasis

2. Feedback system

Homeostasis

the condition in which the body’s internal environment remains constant within set limits

Homeostasis: Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

internal environment consists of fluid that surrounds cells

Homeostatic Imbalances

disruptions in homeostasis that could end in illness or death

• hard to keep body in same condition

our bodies are never always in homeostasis bc…

we are always exposed to stimuli

What is ICF?

fluid part of the cytoplasm

Homeostatic mechanisms have __ main components

3

• none of these mechanisms think, just do what they are told

Homeostatic mechanism: Receptors

provide info from internal info

• just brings in the info

Homeostatic mechanism: Control Center

decides what the response should be

• decision maker

Homeostatic mechanism: Effectors

carry out responses internally to alter conditions

• the do-er

Feedback System

acts that the body must perform to maintain normal anatomical & physiological conditions

• can be + or - (most are -)

Negative Feedback

as the conditions are returned back to their set point, action of the effectors is reduced

** don’t realize they are fixed

** day-to-day conditions/problems

** short path back to homeostasis

examples of Negative feedback?

1. Body temp: shivering/sweating

2. Blood pressure: heart rate

Positive Feedback

process that moves conditions further away from the set point (to ult.) get back to set point — longer path

** effector action increased —more intense response

** in extreme events

** longer path to get back to homeostasis

examples of Positive feedback?

1. uterine contractions during pregnancy

2. blood clotting

Term and Definition: A?

Stimulus: change in environment

• ‘cause’

Term and Definition: B?

Receptors: grab chemical, bring it into our environment

Term and Definition: C?

Control Center: interprets info from receptor

• brain and spinal cord

Term and Definition: D?

Effectors: directs the change

• ‘effect’

• muscles + glands: muscles move and glands secrete chemicals

Term and Definition: E?

Response: take what brain has told me to fix problem

• change is corrected

major features of the human body include…

cavities, membranes, and organ systems

Body Cavity

confined spaces within the body that contain internal organs

• holes, usually lead to organs

what do body cavities do? (their purpose?)

protect, separate, & support organs

body cavities are separated by..

bone, muscle, or ligaments

Human body is divided into 2 parts, the ____ and the ____

Axial, Appendicular

Axial

includes head, neck, & trunk

Axial: Cranial Cavity

formed by skull & contains the brain

Axial: Spinal cavity

formed by vertebrae & contains the spinal chord

Axial: Thoracic cavity

superior portion containing lungs, and their air passages, esophagus, heart, and major blood vessels

• chest area

Mediastinum

space btwn right and left lungs in thoracic cavity

• heart, aorta, esophagus, & bronchi

Axial: Abdominopelvic Cavity

inferior portion

• lower, digestion

Abdominopelvic cavity: Abdominal Cavity

upper part of abdominopelvic cavity

• contains stomach, spleen, kidneys, liver, pancreas, small intestine, etc

Abdominopelvic cavity: pelvic cavity

contains bladder, reproductive organs, rectum, parts of large intestine

• lower part of abdominopelvic cavity

Axial: Organs housed in the thoracic & abdominopelvic cavity are known as ______

viscera

Axial: Diaphragm

strong muscle that forms the floor of the thoracic cavity

• mainly used in respiration

Axial: Cavities also found within the head…

nasal, oral, orbital, middle ear, sinus

Appendicular

includes the lower & upper limbs

why does the Appendicular contain no true cavities?

No organs are stored here

• no organs → not a cavity

Appendicular: Serous membranes

line the walls of the thoracic & abdominal cavities

• covers the organs here

Serous membranes: Pleural membranes

surrounds the lungs

Pleural membranes: Parietal pleura

covers right & left thoracic walls

Pleural membranes: visceral pleura

covers right and left lungs

Pleural membranes:

covers lungs and chest cavity

Pericardial Membranes

surrounds the heart

Pericardial Membranes: Parietal pericardium

lines the walls

Pericardial Membranes: visceral peritoneum

covers organs

Integumentary System

skin & structures grow from it

• hair, nails, oil glands

Integumentary System purpose?

protection