Lectures 8-10: Coenzymes, Glycolysis, and Krebs Cycle

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/38

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

39 Terms

1
New cards
Coenzyme
Organic molecule that assists enzymes in biochemical reactions.
2
New cards
Cosubstrate
Coenzyme that is altered during reaction and regenerated by another enzyme.
3
New cards
Prosthetic Group
Coenzyme permanently attached to the enzyme.
4
New cards
Vitamin
Organic molecule required for coenzyme synthesis, obtained from diet.
5
New cards
NAD+/NADH
Electron carrier derived from niacin (Vitamin B3).
6
New cards
FAD/FMN
Electron carrier derived from riboflavin (Vitamin B2).
7
New cards
Coenzyme A (CoA)
Acyl group carrier derived from pantothenate (Vitamin B5).
8
New cards
Thiamine Pyrophosphate (TPP)
Coenzyme for decarboxylation, derived from Vitamin B1.
9
New cards
Pyridoxal Phosphate (PLP)
Coenzyme for amino acid metabolism, derived from Vitamin B6.
10
New cards
Biotin (B7)
Coenzyme for carboxyl-group transfer reactions.
11
New cards
Tetrahydrofolate (THF, B9)
Coenzyme for one-carbon transfer reactions.
12
New cards
Cobalamin (B12)
Coenzyme for methyl group transfer, prevents pernicious anemia.
13
New cards
Vitamin A (Retinol)
Required for vision and growth.
14
New cards
Vitamin D
Regulates calcium metabolism.
15
New cards
Vitamin E (Tocopherol)
Antioxidant that protects fatty acids.
16
New cards
Vitamin K
Required for blood clotting.
17
New cards
Ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q)
Electron transporter in the mitochondrial membrane.
18
New cards
Glycolysis
Breakdown of glucose into pyruvate for energy production.
19
New cards
Location of Glycolysis
Cytosol of all cells.
20
New cards
Net ATP Yield from Glycolysis
2 ATP per glucose.
21
New cards
Hexokinase
Enzyme that phosphorylates glucose to glucose-6-phosphate.
22
New cards
Phosphofructokinase (PFK)
Key regulatory enzyme in glycolysis.
23
New cards
Aldolase
Splits fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into two 3-carbon molecules.
24
New cards
Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
Produces NADH in glycolysis.
25
New cards
Pyruvate Kinase
Catalyzes the final step of glycolysis, forming ATP and pyruvate.
26
New cards
Fate of Pyruvate (Aerobic)
Converted to Acetyl-CoA and enters the Krebs Cycle.
27
New cards
Fate of Pyruvate (Anaerobic)
Converted to lactate (humans) or ethanol (yeast).
28
New cards
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Pathway that oxidizes Acetyl-CoA to produce ATP, NADH, and FADH₂.
29
New cards
Location of Krebs Cycle
Mitochondrial matrix.
30
New cards
Net ATP Yield from Krebs Cycle
12 ATP per Acetyl-CoA.
31
New cards
First Step of Krebs Cycle
Acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate.
32
New cards
Citrate Synthase
Enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Krebs Cycle.
33
New cards
Isocitrate Dehydrogenase
Converts isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate, producing NADH and CO₂.
34
New cards
α-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase
Converts α-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA, producing NADH and CO₂.
35
New cards
Succinyl-CoA Synthetase
Converts succinyl-CoA to succinate, generating GTP.
36
New cards
Succinate Dehydrogenase
Converts succinate to fumarate, producing FADH₂.
37
New cards
Fumarase
Converts fumarate to malate.
38
New cards
Malate Dehydrogenase
Converts malate to oxaloacetate, producing NADH.
39
New cards
Regulation of Krebs Cycle
Inhibited by ATP, NADH; activated by ADP, Ca²⁺.