HIS 108--Summers--Final Exam

Stephen A. Douglas

introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty.

Colonization Movement

This was an idea based on the belief that blacks and whites could not live together. The organization sought to "return" free blacks to Africa. The problem was that 99.9% free blacks in 1817 had been born in America, so Africa was as foreign to them

Winfield Scott

He was the foremost American military figure between the Revolution and the Civil War.

Gettysburg

Where the bloodiest battle of the Civil War took place and where Lincoln gave his famous Gettysburg Address

Nullification

declare federal law unconstitutional and to forbid its enforcement within the state

"contrabands"

Slaves who fled plantations and sought protection behind Union lines during the Civil War.

John C. Calhoun

South Carolina Senator, secretary of war-- advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification

Daniel Webster

- Leader of the Whig Party, originally pro-North, supported the Compromise of 1850

Whigs

Political Party led by Henry Clay! Favored the BUS and the American System; strong legislative branch; against "King Andrew I"

Fugitive Slave Law

this law required that northern states forcibly returned escaped slaves to their owners.

Dorothea Dix

Activist who helped improve conditions of mental patients. (Involved in the making of insane asylums)

exploding drunks

the idea that a person's blood becomes flammable if too much alcohol is in it. This was an idea near the time of the temperance movement

Minie Ball

new bullet created before the Civil War, led to a high number of casualties during the war

Erie Canal (1825)

New Yorkers built the canal linking the Great Lakes with the Hudson River (363 mi)

Bladensburg Races

During the War of 1812, Americans were defeated when they didn't fight. Instead they ran away and the British captured D.C. and burned the White House.

"safety valve" theory

citizens are free to make statements concerning controversial societal issues to express their displeasure against government and its policies.

3/5 Compromise

-each slave would count for 3/5 of a person for taxation and representation purposes

Tecumseh

A Shawnee chief who worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. He and his tribe were killed for fighting with the British in the War of 1812.

Horace Greeley

An American newspaper editor and founder of the Republican party. His New York Tribune was America's most influential newspaper 1840-1870.

interchangeable parts

Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing

Ulysses S. Grant

an American general who achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

Anaconda Plan

Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south

James Buchanan

The 15th President of the United States (1857-1861). He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions

XYZ Affair (1797)

French officials demanded that American emissaries pay a bribe before negotiating disputes between the two countries.*
Led to the Quasi-War with France; convinced John Adams to strengthen the U.S. navy.

Missouri Compromise of 1820

Compromise - Maine enters as free state, Missouri as slave state, prohibited slavery in Louisiana Territory

Emancipation Proclamation (1863)

issued by Lincoln; freed all slaves in Confederate territory

"54 40 or fight!"

slogan of those wanting to take all of Oregon

American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

Federalists

supporters of the Constitution and what it stood for

Andrew Jackson

- The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837),
- general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans
- opposed the B.U.S

Wilmot Proviso (1846)

sought to ban slavery in any territories or new states acquired from Mexico. Essentially the argument was over whether there would be slavery in Texas, New Mexico, California, and other new western states. The debate is considered a crucial part of the lead-up to the Civil War.

Dred Scott Case

Supreme Court case which ruled that slaves are not citizens but are property, affirmed that property cannot be interfered with by Congress, slaves do not become free if they travel to free territories or states, fueled abolitionist movement, hailed as victory for the south

John Brown

An abolitionist who attempted to lead a slave revolt. He failed and was hanged.

Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

Farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments of the Constitution that states every person's rights that they have at birth.

Frederick Douglass

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer.

Harrison Land Act

settlement of the Northwest Territory, encouraged people to move west for cheap land. Named after William Henry Harrison.

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Created Nebraska and Kansas as states & gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be either a free or slave state through popular sovereignty

Eli Whitney

Invented the cotton gin

abolitionists

people who believed that slavery should be against the law

limited liability

A form of business ownership in which the owners are liable only up to the amount of their individual investments.

William Tecumseh Sherman

Union General who destroyed South during "march to the sea" from Atlanta to Savannah, example of total war

Charles Sumner

His two main goals were breaking the power of wealthy planters and ensuring that freedmen could vote

doughfaces

Name given to the northern Democrats who were willing to compromise on the political problems of the 1850s.

William Lloyd Garrison

- Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator",
- and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Miller's millennium

...

Compromise of 1850

Includes California admitted as a free state, the Fugitive Slave Act, Made popular sovereignty in most other states from Mexican- American War

Embargo

an official ban on trade or other commercial activity with a particular country.

James Madison

Father of the Constitution

Horace Mann

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education; "Father of the public school system"

Trail of Tears (1838)

The route taken by Native Americans as they were relocated

Alexander Hamilton

- First Secretary of the Treasury.
- He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

Cyrus McCormick

Invented the mechanical reaper

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

this doctrine stated that Europeans could not intervene in the Western Hemisphere in exchange, the U.S. would not interfere with existing European colonies and wars.
- written by John Q. Adams

Samuel Gridley Howe

founder of the first American school for the blind students

Jay Treaty

Treaty in which Britain agreed to evacuate its posts on the US western frontier (1794)

"free soil"

A political party dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Thomas Jefferson bought this land from France (Napoleon Bonaparte) which doubled the size of the United States.

Cane Ridge

- Where a large gathering of Protestants gathered and preached. 10,000 men, women, children, white and black went to Cane Ridge to hear dozens of ministers preaching the gospel. Second great awakening

13th amendment

abolished slavery

Zachary Taylor

12th president of the US- American military leader. Ran as Whig

market economy

economic system in which decisions on production and consumption of goods and services are based on voluntary exchange in markets

Benevolent Empire

Ministers insisted people who experienced saving grace should provide moral guidance and charity to the less fortunate.

Robert E. Lee

Commander of the Confederate Army

Paternalist Myth

Masters believed they were like father to their slaves. Like one big happy family.

Henry Clay

- Secretary of State
- introduced the compromise of 1850