Studied by 21 people
A model that exists in the mind used to help us know and understand ideas.
They are:
a model of concepts or ideas (abstract) that exist in the mind.
used to help us know and understand, design thinking, ideas, casual relationships, principles, data, systems, algorithms or processes.
used to illustrate relationships that is in the designers mind to others.
able to help explain the thinking behind new ideas.
able to help us to communicate with other members of design team, manufacturer or client.
able to help us visualise ideas through graphic, physical and virtual models.
Advantages:
To help explain features in data sets.
Help with project planning.
Put abstract ideas into a visual understandable form that might not be imaginable otherwise.
Promote communication between designer, design team members, manufacturer or clients.
Gauge peoples’ reaction.
Disadvantages:
Make assumptions that which in reality do not work
may lack details – too simplistic.
scale may distort perceptions or understandings.
materials might reflect the final selection.
Graphic models such as flow charts may be difficult for people to understand.
A series of flat (2D) views of an object showing it exactly as it is in shape and size i.e. constructional details.
An orthographic drawing shows all details and dimensions and is usually used as a production/working drawing.
It is a convergent thinking style of drawing.
Orthographic drawings are produced at the final solution stage and are used as working drawings in the realization stage.
An isometric drawing depicts the proposed solution in 3D showing shape and form.
They are drawn on a 30/90/30 degree axis.
An isometric drawing of an object with more than one component that depicts how the parts of assemblies fit together.
The drawing is exploded to show component parts of a product and/or the sequence of assembly.
Isometric drawings are produced at the final solution stage and are used as working drawings in the realization stage
Are spontaneous representation of ideas on paper without the use of technical aids.
Designers use a range of freehand drawings in the early stages of developing ideas to explore shape and form (3D) and constructional details (2D).
Divergent thinking is prominent at this stage.
Explain the thinking behind the visual image represented by the drawing.
They allow the designer to consider the implications of the ideas for further development.
Annotated drawings are an alternative form of expression of ideas that allows one to indicate links between the ideas.
Include: orthogonal, isometric, exploded isometric, sectional, parts and assembly drawings which are done with great precision and usually with mechanical drawing aides (ruler, square, compass) or in CAD programs (Autodesk Fusion).
Designers use these drawings at the realisation/development stage where the product is to be made. They are used to communicate to the manufacturer.
Convergent thinking is prominent at this stage.
Advantages
Detailed
Contains all necessary information.
Can construct from it.
Accurate and precise.
Easy to communicate with manufacturer.
Advantages
Need specialised skills such as using CAD
Specialised equipment needed.
Time consuming.
Not easily understood by a lay person (e.g. client).
Advantages
Shows all views at once
Easy to communicate with manufacturer and client
Disadvantages
Not all details are included.
May not look like the real thing because the dimensions are all true.
Need specialised skills such as using CAD
Specialised equipment needed.
Advantages
Looks like the real thing, it is pictorial
Easy to communicate with client
Disadvantages
No details – dimensions, etc
Time consuming
Advantages
Easy to communicate with manufacturer and client.
Show how product should be assembled.
Disadvantages
Time consuming
Specialised knowledge and skills required.
Advantages
Quick.
Easy.
No specialised skills required.
No specialised equipment required.
Easy to communicate with manufacturer and client.
Allows spontaneous creative (Divergent) thinking.
Disadvantages
May not look like the intended outcome.
Lacks details.
A model that is either a smaller or larger physical copy of an object.
accurate physical representations of objects or features of objects.
able to allow the design team, client or manufacturer visualise and/or manipulate (examine) the object.
scaled down or up keeping all sizes of the features in relation to each other.
A model developed to look and feel like the final product.
An aesethic/appearance prototype or appearance model is as its name suggests.
It does not function or operate in any way.
Aesthetic/appearance models are only concerned with form, color, style, texture and how the product fits in its visual environment.
They can be used for ergonomic testing, evaluating visual appeal, allow the non-designer to see and feel how the real product will be, or production engineers collect data that will help them assess the feasibility for matching manufacturing systems.
A scale or full-size representation of a product used to gain feedback from users.
Mock-ups are used to test ideas and gather feedback from users.
They can be either full-scale or scaled models of products
They can have some form of functionality, which means they could be considered a prototype as well.
A good example of how a design begins and gets to the mock up stage. It shows gathering of information to graphical and finally physical modelling.
A sample or model built to test a concept or process, or to act as an object to be replicated or learned from. Prototypes can be developed at a range of fidelity and for different contexts.
Prototypes are to test and evaluate ideas.
A prototype can be a real working product made to real specifications that can be used throughout design development.
It has functionality unlike that of a mock-up (minimal) or lack of it in aesthetic models.
It is particularly useful in testing before production begins.
Prototypes help the development team discover and issues related to manufacturing the final product.
It also allows the development team to learn from the user through user feedback and user trials/interaction with the final prototype.
Prototypes that are equipped with the ability to take measurements to provide accurate quantitative feedback for analysis.
Instrumented physical models are equipped with the ability to take measurements to provide accurate quantitative feedback for analysis.
They can be used effectively to investigate many phenomena such as fluid flows in hydraulic systems or within wind tunnels, stress within structures and user interaction with a product.
For example, an instrumented model of a keyboard can record the actions of the user and provide data on how often keys are used and the number of errors a user makes (that is, the number of times the backspace or delete key is used).
These models can be scaled in terms of both geometry and important forces.
Product design
Architecture and Engineering
Medical research
Automative industry
Advantages
Explore and test ideas
Easily understandable
Communication with clients
Communication with team members
Ability to manipulate ideas better than with drawings
Is tangible
Can be used in user trails and user research more readily.
Disadvantages
Designers can easily make assumptions about how accurately a model represents reality
It may not work like the final product
Might not be made of the same material
Time consuming to make
Level of skill required
Can be costly (prototypes)
Advantages
Changes to ideas can be made quickly and easily.
Communicate with client, manufacture more easily.
Electronically transferred.
Avoid costly mistakes.
Reduce costs as extra prototypes are not needed.
Saves time through efficient work practises.
High accuracy/fidelity.
Disadvantages
Software/Hardware costs.
Special training needed.
Steep learning curve.
A designer creates part geometry independent of the assembly or any modelling other component. Although there are often some design criteria established before modelling the part, this information is not shared between models. Once all parts are completed, they are brought together for the first time in the assembly.
This allows for a database of parts that could be used elsewhere.
Is carried out by adding components to existing parts/bodies/components.
Photorealistic CAD-based interactive models that use surface and solid modelling. They can be considered ‘digital mock-ups’.
designers can simulate a design visually and/or mathematically
reduce lead times
reduce development costs
reduce or eliminate errors (as humans are not involved)
improve quality
easily scalable – such as in nanotechnology or aeroplanes.
Discuss the cost-effectiveness offered by animation and virtual reality. This helps to reduce full-scale prototyping, which leads to a reduction in tooling costs, labour costs, energy and materials
are computer simulations of the biomechanics of the human body.
help to predict how a human (real) will react in a variety of situation or environments (places or locations).
Discuss how digital humans can enhance human factors research.
Digital humans can be used to represent joint resistance, discomfort, reach envelopes and visual fields.
They can be used, for example, to measure the impact of clothing on human performance.
is an emerging technology that interfaces the user via the sense of touch.
How it works is by mechanical actuators apply forces to the user which gives them feedback.
By simulating the physics of the user’s virtual world, it is possible to compute these forces into real time.
Haptic technology allows the user to become part of a computer simulation and to interact with it, enabling the designer to observe the user’s performance and to design a better outcome.
entails a machine that produces a complete product including internal details, at a fairly quick rate.
reduce product development time as prototypes are quickly made and can be tested
one-off products are made for different or specialised situations
is an additive manufacturing technique as opossum to subtractive manufacturing (mills, lathes, etc).
less waste (good for environment and save money)
Using CAD software produce a full scale model
Export or convert model in STL (Standard Triangle Language and Standard Tessellation Language).
send to RP machine
manufacture the item
clean up the item
Stereolithography (SLA) is a 3D printing process.
that uses a vat of photosensitive resin and a vertically moving platform.
It uses a laser beam, directed onto the surface of the photosensitive resin, to print the pattern of the current model layer by hardening the photosensitive resin.
The platform then moves down by a layer thickness so the next layer can be printed*.*
Also known as optical fabrication, photo-solidification, solid free-form fabrication and solid imaging.
Used for producing models & prototypes, casting patterns, production parts and products.
LOM machines take the sliced CAD data from the 3D model and cut out each layer from a roll of material, using a laser or plotter cutter. These sliced layers are glued together to form the model, which is either built on a movable platform below the machine or on pins when using card. (IB TSM 2015)
A rapid prototyping systems that creates a 3D product by manufacture (LOM) converting it into slices, cutting the slices out and joining the slices together
An FDM machine is
A heated extrusion nozzle (extruder) that moves through the x & y axis
A plastic (such as ABS, PLA), metal or composite (such as30% metal, bamboo, etc fill PLA) filament is fed through he extruder
basically a CNC robot that holds a small extrusion head. The extrusion head moves back and forth along a platform, building up a 3D model by feeding heated plastic wire through the extrusion head.
Either the platform or extruder move through the Z axis place a layer if build material
Controlled by CAM software.
A high powered CO2 laser is used to sinter a thin layer of heat-fusible powder that gradually builds up the 3D model.
Powders include, plastic, metal, ceramics and glass
