botany exam 1

what are simple leaves?

single leaf blade attached to stem

how are simple leaves arranged?

they can be petiolate or sessile, attached by a petiole with single leaf, no leaflets

how are compound leaves arranged?

trifolate, palmate, and pinnate, at least two or more leaf blades

what are the types of leaf venation?

pinnate, palmate, and parallel

what are the types of leaf margins?

ciliate, crenate, dentate, denticulate, doubly serrate, entire, lobate, serrate, serrulate, sinulate, spiny, and undulate

what are the types of leaf textures?

chartaceous, coriaceous, glabrous, pubescent, and glaucous

plant cells

cell wall, chloroplasts, dictyosomes, stroma, and chromoplasts

cell wall

made up of cellulose, rigid matrix, protection

chloroplasts

site of photosynthesis, captures light energy to turn into sugars

dictyosomes

stacks of vesicles moving for moving things out of the plant, modify carbohydrates, and assemble polysaccharides

stroma

matrix of enzymes involved in photosynthesis

chromoplasts

color, synthesize carotenoids

animal cells

no cell wall, golgi bodies, lysosomes, and centrioles

cell membrane

flexible, protections, and selective permeability

golgi bodies

process and package proteins and lipid macromolecules

lysosomes

contain digestive enzymes to break down macromolecules

centrioles

assist the cell during the division into a new cell

apical meristems

meristematic tissues, regions of active growth, primary growth, roots and shoots increase in length

lateral meristems

secondary growth, increases girth of roots and stems, tissues that function for support and conduction, bark

intercalary meristems

in nodes, adds length to stems, grass plants

parenchyma tissue

thin-walled cells that have large vacuoles and various secretions, some hold air, function in photosynthesis, and increase in surface area

collenchyma tissue

thick-walled cells, live in cytoplasm, pliable and strong, provide flexible support

sclerenchyma tissue

thick tough cells with secondary wall, dead at maturity, function in support, can be scattered in tissue or be fibrous

complex tissues

xylem, phloem, tracheid, rays, tissues move food, water, and other things around in plants, often dead at maturity

xylem tissues

thick vessel elements dead at maturity that move water around in the plant

phloem tissues

fibers and parenchyma cells that move food around in the plant produced by photosynthesis

epidermis

thick protective layer, parenchyma cells, guard cells of stomata, and cuticle

form and function of roots

anchor plants into soil, alter form in response to environment, lots of surface area, can be fibrous or branched, protective tissue at the end for burrowing into soil

form and function of shoots

have branches, leaves, or flowers that can continue to grow and make the plant bigger above ground

form and function of leaves

site of photosynthesis, control of water going in and out of plant, stomata, layers of epidermis, mesophyll, chlorophyll

food storage roots

store starch and other carbohydrates

ex. sweet potato

water storage roots

store water more common in arid and dry areas

ex. pumpkin family

propagative roots

buds on roots that develop into aerial stems

ex. fruit trees

pneumatophores

in plants with roots growing in water, spongy that poke above water to gas exchange

aerial roots

thick epidermis to prevent water loss, expands plant above ground

ex. orchid

contractile roots

pull plant deeper into soil

ex. lily bulbs

buttress roots

stability in shallow soil

ex. tropical trees

parasitic roots

no chlorophyll depends on other plants for chlorophyll and nutrients

rhizomes

horizontal stems, grow below ground, long or short internodes

ex. grass plants and ferns

runners

horizontal stems that grow above ground, long internodes

ex. strawberry

stolons

below ground and grow in different directions

ex. potato

tubers

swollen, fleshy, and underground stem

ex. potato eyes that grow into stems

bulbs

large buds surrounded by leaves with small stem at lower end, store food

ex. onions

corms

resemble bulb, composed entirely of stem tissue with papery leaves, store food

ex. crocus

cladophylls

flat leaf like stems, prickly

ex. cactus

tendrils

curl around objects for plant to climb or support weak stems

ex. garden peas

spines

reduce leaf surface and water loss, protect herbivory

ex. cacti

thorns

modified stems arising in axils of leaves of woody plants

prickles

grows out from epidermis or cortex

storage leaves

modified for water storage, parenchyma cells with large vacuoles, in desert plants

ex. succulents

flower-pot leaves

pouches that home ant colonies, they carry in soil and waste so plant can grow

window leaves

desert plants, leaves buried in ground, thick epidermis and water storage, keep plant from drying out

reproductive leaves

new plants at leaf tips or along margins

ex. walking fern

floral leaves

bases of flowers or flower stalks can be petals of leaf like

ex. poinsettia

insect-trapping leaves

swampy areas and bogs, leaves trap and digest insects, nitrogen and other elements deficient in soil

ex. pitcher plants and venus flytraps

what is photosynthesis? what does it require?

turns light into energy to produce sugars and nutrients for plants, need CO2 water and light then chlorophyll turns into glucose, O2, and water

light dependent reactions

in thylakoids, need light and water, oxygen gas is released, produces ATP and NADPH

explain light independent reactions

in stroma, use ATP and NADPH to make sugar, CO2 combines with RuBP to make sugar, 5 carbon sugar to 6 carbon sugar

C3 photosynthesis

rubisco, 3 carbon acids 3PGA, happens in mesophyll cells, CO2 concentration independent

C4 photosynthesis

chloroplasts, 4 carbon acids oxaloacetic acid, bundle sheath and kranz anatomy, CO2 concentration independent, evolved due to water stress

CAM photosynthesis

happens in succulents, gathers sunlight in day and fixes carbon at night, 4 carbon acids oxaloacetic acid, evolved due to water stress

chlorophyll

green pigment, absorbs light for photosynthesis

carotenoids

red, yellow, and orange

anthocyanins

red, purple, and blue

what is water potential?

water movement driven by differences in osmotic pressure, turgor pressure, and gravity, will always move from high to low potential

what is transpiration? how is it regulated?

the amount of water the plant loses, regulated by the stomata and gas exchange

cohesion theory

from transpiration that forms tension to pull water columns through plants from roots to leaves, water sticks to xylem and to each other from polar ends

pressure flow hypothesis

organic solutes flow from source to sink where food is utilized and water exits, move along concentration gradients

ex. water in leaf moving to roots through xylem and phloem to move nutrients then going back to leaf

what nutrients are needed for growth?

nitrogen, potassium, phosphorous, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur