Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nerve Tissues

Vocabulary flashcards covering epithelial, connective, glandular, muscle, and nerve tissues based on the provided lecture transcript.

Epithelial tissue

The lining tissue that forms the boundary between the body and the external environment.

Apical surface

The top surface or free surface of epithelial tissue.

Basal surface

The bottom surface of epithelial tissue.

Basement membrane

The membrane underneath the basal surface of epithelial tissue.

Avascular

A condition defined as having no blood cells.

Simple epithelial tissues

Epithelial tissues that have only one layer of cells.

Stratified epithelial tissues

Epithelial tissues that have more than one layer of cells.

Simple squamous epithelium

A simple flat layer of cells that is thin and permeable, functioning in rapid diffusion of materials in blood vessels and lung tissue.

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A single layer of cube-shaped cells with a central nucleus that functions in secretion and absorption in kidney tissues.

Simple columnar epithelium

A single layer of tall, closely packed cells that functions in absorption and secretion of mucus for protection in the digestive system lining.

Goblet cells

Cells present in simple columnar epithelium that secrete mucus.

Stratified squamous epithelium

Epithelial tissue with thick layers that are smashed towards the top and thicker towards the bottom, providing protection in the epidermal layer of the skin.

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A rare epithelial tissue made of more than one layer of cuboidal cells, found in salivary and mammary glands.

Stratified columnar epithelium

A rare free-surface epithelial tissue lined with columnar cells, found in the larynx and male urethra.

Pseudostratified epithelium

Epithelial tissue with a single layer of cells whose nuclei appear at different levels, functioning in secretion and absorption in the upper respiratory tract.

Transitional epithelium

Epithelial tissue whose free surface cells change shape based on stretching and elasticity, found in the urinary bladder.

Gland

A group of cells that secrete a fluid substance.

Exocrine glands

Glands that secrete substances outward through a duct.

Endocrine glands

Ductless glands packed tightly with capillaries that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream over longer distances.

merocrine glands

Cells that secrete substances via exocytosis, such as sweat glands.

Apocrine glands

Exocrine glands where a portion of a cell pinches off the tip with the secretion of products, such as mammary glands.

Holocrine glands

Exocrine glands where cells rupture and spill products into the duct, such as sebaceous or oil glands.

Connective tissue

Tissue that provides support, binds other tissues together, offers insulation and protection, and can transport substances.

Mesenchyme

The single type of stem cell from which all connective tissues are formed.

Vascularity

The presence of blood cells within tissue.

Extracellular matrix

A watery gel with fiber threads that composes most of all connective tissues.

Areolar tissue

A loose connective tissue type that is mostly open space and holds water and salt for surrounding tissues.

Adipose tissue

A loose connective tissue composed of fat cells with large vacuoles containing fat oil that insulates the body and has side-positioned nuclei.

Regular dense connective tissue

Super strong tissue with regular collagen fibers arranged in one direction, found in tendons and ligaments.

Irregular dense connective tissue

Dense tissue where collagen fibers go in many directions and strength gets pulled in multiple directions.

Elastic dense connective tissue

Tissue that provides flexible cushioning, found between the vertebrae and the arteries.

Hyaline cartilage

A glassy-looking cartilage with lacunae and few collagen fibers, found in the larynx, bridge of the nose, and ribs.

Lacunae

Spaces for cells located within cartilage tissue.

Fibrocartilage

Cartilage with lots of parallel running fibers, found in intervertebral spaces.

Elastic cartilage

Highly flexible cartilage containing flexible fibers, found in the tip of the nose and the outer ear.

Osseous tissue

Bone tissue that secretes ground substances, fibers, collagen, and fluids, forming a calcified and hard ground substance.

Mast cells

A type of leukocyte containing granules that secrete inflammatory chemicals and detect foreign substances.

Smooth muscle tissue

Non-striated muscle tissue that contracts involuntarily, found in the walls of the stomach, uterus, intestines, bladder, arteries, veins, and eyes.

Cardiac muscle tissue

Striated muscle tissue with interlaced discs that contracts involuntarily in heart muscles.

Skeletal muscle tissue

Striated muscle tissue controlled by the somatic nervous system that contracts voluntarily and attaches to skeleton bones.

Neurons

Nerve cells that make up $10\%$ of all nerve cells, convert stimuli into nerve impulses, pass impulses to other cells, and are unable to regenerate.

Neuroglia

Cells that make up $90\%$ of all nerve cells, support and protect neurons, do not generate nerve impulses, and are able to regenerate after injury.