PyschBio exam 3

cerebellum

• Conscious control of movement.

• Regulates the timing and accuracy of movement

• compares both intended and actual movements to calculate errors and correct the movements accordingly.

Brainstem

• Directly controls movements.

• Organizes adaptive movements (e.g., posture, walking, grooming).

Spinal Cord

• Directly executes movements

Basal Ganglia

• Produces the appropriate amount of force for movements like grasping.

• Involved in motor control, habit learning, motivation, and emotional regulation

Frontal lobe region functions

Planning, Coordinating, and Executing Movements

prefrontal cortex

• Formulates a plan of action and instructs the Premotor Cortex to organize the sequence of behaviors.

primary motor cortex M1

Executes skilled movements (e.g., arms, hands, mouth)

somatosensory system

Transmits sensory information to the CNS (afferent)

motor system

• Transmits movement information out of the CNS (efferent).

spinal segments

Organized into dermatomes, corresponding to specific body areas

homunculus

• Visual representation of the motor cortex, showing large areas dedicated to fine motor control (hands, fingers, lips, and tongue)

Antrolateral System

-how pain is processed

-transmits pain signals from the body to the brain.

Dorsal Column/Medial Lemniscal System

how touch is processed

-transmitting tactile information like touch and pressure.

Dorsal Column Pathway

Somatosensory information from the skin (touch, pressure, proprioception) is transmitted to the brain through the ____

spinal/monosynaptic reflexes

• A simple reflex that involves only one synapse between sensory input and the resulting movement. Example: knee jerk reflex

somatosensory system

-takes in stimuli from outside environment (pressure, touch, pain) and transmits them to the brain for processing.

sensory receptors

transduce senses into neural impulses the brain can interpret

-different receptors for diff. things

sensitivity

Areas with a higher concentration of sensory receptors (like the fingertips) are more sensitive to stimulation than areas with fewer receptors

glabrous skin

Lacks hair follicles but has more sensory receptors, making it more sensitive to stimuli

(ex. palms)

Nociception

perception of pain

hapsis

Perception of fine touch and pressure, helping us identify objects we touch and grasp

Proprioception

perception of body position and movement

pain

-unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage

-avoids damage and encourages healing, warns of danger

-necessary to life for survival

-influenced by emotional state, anticipation and fear

analgesia

inability to feel pain without losing consciousness (like using lidocane)

Gate theory (1965)

Melzack and Wall

-stimulation reduces pain perception but absence of stimulation can increase pain perception

-non painful stimuli can close gate to pain perception

neuroplasticity

brain's ability to change and adapt throughout life by forming new connections and reorganizing existing ones in response to experiences, learning, and even injury

cortical map

identification and localization of functional areas within the cerebral cortex

how is pain signaled?

specialized nociceptors and high levels of activation of somatosensory fibers

waves of pain

speed matters, fast pathway= A fibers, slow= C fibers

-larger neurons communicate to brain quicker

treating pain

-pain treatments like massages can activate haptic and proprioceptive fibers to close the pain gate