Module 2: Cognitive Perspective of Learning

Cognitive Perspective

-Analogies/Models to explain how information is processed into learning

-Sequence: external stimuli→ senses→ brain→ knowledge

-Brain assimilates and stores knowledge

Brain areas receiving raw sensory input or stores data: Iconic

for visual input (occipital lobe)

Brain areas receiving raw sensory input or stores data: Echoic

for auditory input (temporal lobe)

Paying attention to new information is important in the learning process because such attention brings information from

The sensory register into working memory

Short-term memory

Like computer RAM (temporary storage before processing)

Capable of storing few bits of information

Size of bits can be enlarged by chucking (5-7 items per chunk)

Maintenance rehearsal

roe/repetition (least effective for memory)

Elaborative rehearsal

encoding by activity or by relating to previous knowledge

Other working memory functions

Automaticity

memory more efficient when part of well-known routine. the ability to perform an operation or task with little work

encoding

memory assimilated with previous knowledge (we combine information but)

Encoding leads to personal perception

Which of the following learning outcomes usually undergoes the largest loss within 24 hours of acquisition?

The learning of rote material

George Miller's research finding that humans have a processing capacity of seven plus-or minus two items applies to which of the following types of memory?

Short term

Mr. Janoff, a social studies teacher, sometimes has students who request copies of his notes or slides from class. He explains that it is better for students to take the notes themselves. Taking notes helps students improve their

Encoding

According to cognitive learning theorists, students will best be able to learn a new concept or skill if the contents of the lesson are

related to concepts and skills they had previously mastered

A student wants to win a contest by memorizing the most decimal places for pi. Which of the following is the best strategy for the student to use to enhance recall of the numbers?

Grouping the numbers in chunks of 5, 6, or 7

Like computer hard drive (permanent storage): Semantic

facts and information (Person doesn't remembers when they first learned info unless it occurs simultaneously with a personal experience when thought

Like computer hard drive (permanent storage): Episodic

experiences and events (memories of personal experiences/both the facts they learned and the conditions in which information was learned and emotionally charged)

Like computer hard drive (permanent storage): Procedural

remembering "how-to"(Retain knowledge how to do things steps/rules)

Schema

concept or category of information

Off the following, learning is best defined as?

The modification of behavior through experiences

A person who drove a manual-transmission car for years finds that, when driving a car with an automatic transmission, he often lifts his foot to step on the clutch. This driver is experiencing

Proactive interference

During a final exam, Ellen started breathing really hard and her heart felt as if it would jump out of her chest. What hormone was most likely involved in this process?

Epinephrine

Some psychologists theorize that behavioral development, like anatomical development, proceeds from the simple to the complex, from homogeneous to heterogeneous, and from the general to the specific. Which of the following terms refers to these developmental trends?

Differentiation

A teacher believes that students of all ages can improve their basic abilities through hard work, even though many of them might think that their ability is fixed and cannot be changed. The teacher's belief is associated with a view of intelligence referred to as.

Incremental

Masterly learning

Occurs when students achieve automaticity for longer periods of time and effective ways to accomplish them.

metacognition

awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes.

Which of the following best illustrates metacognition?

Reviewing one's own thought processes and logic

Divergent thinking

is ideas that are open-ended and that lead in many directions.

Convergent thinking

is focus, logical reasoning about ideas and experiences that lead to specific answers.

Functional fixedness

a tendency to regard the function of objects and ideas as fixed

Response set

the tendency for a person to fram or rhino about each problem in a series in the same way as the previous problem.

Equity pedagogy

which is an effort to allow or even encourage, a variety of learning styles.