ANAPHY MT 100 LEC - The Human Body : Orientation

Anatomy

study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts, and

their relationships to one another

Physiology

study of how the body and its parts function

Gross Anatomy, Microscopic Anatomy

Enumerate the two branches of Anatomy:

Gross Anatomy

observable structures

Microscopic Anatomy

seen with a microscope

Cytology

Study of Cells

Histology

Study of tissues

Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organismal

Enumerate the six levels of Structural Organization

Chemical

Consists of atoms and molecules

Atoms

tiny building blocks of matter

Molecules

Groups of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

Cellular

Consists of cells

Cells

smallest unit of all living things; varies in size, shape, and roles

Tissue

groups of similar cells with a common function

Organ

Two or more tissue types that perform a specific function

Organ System

Group of organs that work together

Organismal

all structural levels working together

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive

Enuemrate the eleven organ systems

Integumentary System

The external body covering that cushions, protects, and waterproofs the body

Integumentary System

Produces Vitamin D with sunlight; consists of cutaneous receptors and oil/sweat glands

Hair, Skin, Fingernails

Integumentary System consists of:

Skeletal System

Protects and supports the body organs; a framework for movement

Skeletal System

Stores minerals, and forms blood cells in the cavities

Bones, Joints, Cartillage

Skeletal System consists of:

Muscular System

Contracts for movement, maintains posture, and produces heat

Skeletal Muscles

Large muscles that are attached to bones

Nervous System

Fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating effectors

Sensory Receptors

Detects change in temperature, pressure, or light

Sensory Receptors

Sends nerve impulses (electrical signals) to the central nervous system

Central Nervous System

Assess the information and respond by activating effectors (muscles/glands)

Brain, Sensory Receptor, Spinal Cord, Nerves

Nervous System consists of:

Endocrine System

slowly controls the body system by secreting hormones that can control growth, reproduction, and use of nutrients

Endocrine Glands

Secretes hormones to the blood so it can travel to distal organs

Pineal Gland, Pituitary Gland, Thyroid Gland, Parathyroid Gland, Thymus Gland, Adrenal Glands, Pancreas, Testis/Ovary

Endocrine System consists of:

Cardiovascular System

Blood vessels transports oxygen, nutrients, and hormones, whilst picking up carbon dioxide/waste

Cardiovascular System

Heart pumps out blood into blood vessels for transportation into other body tissues

White Blood Cell

Protects the body from bacteria, viruses, and tumor cells

Heart, Blood Vessels

Cardiovascular System consists of:

Lymphatic System

Picks up fluids from blood vessels and returns it to blood

Lymphatic Vessels

Part that is in charge of returning leaked fluids from the blood back into the blood vessels for continuous circulation

Lymphatic Nodes and Organs

Cleanses the blood and houses the White Blood Cells

Thoracic duct, Lymph Nodes, Lymphatic Vessels

Lymphatic System consists of:

Respiratory System

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.

Alveoli

Tiny sacs in the lungs wherein gas exchange occurs with blood

Digestive System

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.

The mouth to the small intestine

Break down of food in the digestive system occurs from ______

Digestive System

Undigested food leaves through the anus as feces

Liver

considered a digestive organs as it produces a bile that helps break down fats

Oral cavity, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, Anus

Digestive System consists of:

Urinary System

removes nitrogen-containing waste from the blood and is flushed out through urine

Urea and Uric Acid

Nitrogen-containing waste is ______

Urinary System

Maintains the body's water-salt (electrolyte) balance, acid-base balance, and normal blood pressure

Kidney, Ureter, Bladder, Urethra

Urinary System consists of:

Reproductive System

Produces offsprings

Testes

Produces sperm

Ovary

Produces eggs/ova

Uterus

Site of development of the fetus once fertilization occurs

Mammary glands, Uterine Tube, Ovary, Uterus, Vagina

Female Reproductive System consists of:

Prostate Gland, Testes, Scrotum, Penis, Accessory Gland, Duct System

Male Reproductive System consists of:

Duct System

Carries the sperm out of the males body

Maintaining Boundaries, Movement, Responsiveness, Digestion, Metabolism, Excretion, Reproduction, Growth

Enumerate the 8 Necessary Life Functions

Maintaining Boundaries

Separation between internal and external environments must exist to separate the insides from interstitial fluid

Integumentary System

Organ system in charge of Maintaining Boundaries

Movement

Activities by the muscular system and the propelling of food, blood, air, and urine

Muscular, Skeletal, Cardiovascular, Digestive, Respiratory, Urinary Systems

Organ system in charge of Movement

Responsiveness/Irritability

the ability to sense changes in the environment and then to react to them

Nervous System

Organ system in charge of Responsiveness

Digestion

Breaking down of food into molecules and nutrients; nutrients go into the blood to be transported into body cells to be used as energy

Digestive and Cardiovascular systems

Organ system in charge of Digestion

Metabolism

All chemical reactions happening in the body (digestion, making of large structures, nutrients and oxygen for ATP), which is regulated by hormones

Digestive, Cardiovascular, Endocrine

Organ system in charge of Metabolism

Excretion

Removing of excreta/waste through feces, urine, and sweat

Digestive, Urinary, Integumentary Systems

Organ system in charge of Excretion

Reproduction

production of offsprings that are regulated by hormones

Cellular: cell divides, creating daughter cells

Organismal: sperm unites with an egg, fertilizes and develops into an offspring

Reproductive, Endocrine systems

Organ system in charge of Reproduction

Growth

Hormones regulate cell growth or increase in body size

Growth

Cell-constructing activities must be faster than cell-destructing activities

Endocrine

Organ system in charge of Growth

Nutrients, Oxygen, Water, Normal body temperature, Appropriate Atmospheric Level

Enumerate the 5 Survival Needs

Nutrients

from food, used as energy for cell building

Carbohydrate, Protein, Fats, Minerals, Vitamins

Enumerate the five Nutrients:

Carbohydrate

Major energy fuel

Protein

energy fuel

Fats

Builds cell structure, cushions the body, and stores reserved fuel

Minerals and Vitamins

involved in chemical reactions, structural purposes, and oxygen transport

Oxygen

Required to release energy from food, available in body cells and blood

Water

Fluid base for body secretion and excretion; from ingested food and liquids; lost from lung and skin evaporation

60-80%

What is the water percentage in the human body?

37C

What is the Normal Body Temperature?

Body Temperature

When _____ is below normal, metabolic reactions become slower and slower, then eventually stop

Body Temperature

When _____ is above normal, chemical reactions happen faster, resulting in body proteins to be broken down

Muscle Activity

How is heat generate for Body Temperature?

Blood circulating near the skin, sweating

How is heat lowered for Body Temperature?

Atmospheric Pressure

Needed for breathing and for gas exchange

Thin air, Exchange is too slow for Cellular Metabolism

Atmospheric Pressure at Lower Altitudes