Chemistry: Aldehydes and ketones + Carboxylic acids and esters

aldehydes reduction

can be reduced to primary alchols using H2 and Ni catalyst and heat

aldehydes oxidising

can be easily oxidised into carboxylic acid
and is made through oxidation of primary alchol using dil. H2SO4, acidified dichromate and heat

uses of aldehydes

carcinogenic, solvent, perservative

relationship between aldehydes and ketones

isomers of eachother

Carboyxilic acids

COOH
made from primary alchols using acidified dichromate (dil. sulfuric acid as catalyst) and heat
reduced to aldehyde by H2 and Ni catalyst and heat

carboxylic acid uses

condiment (vinegar)
perservatives
cellulose acetate film

esters

made by substitution (condensation)

Test1: Fehlings test - aldehydes

mix Fehlings reagent A and B
add aldehyde
heat gently in a water bath
turns from blue to red percipitate
copper (II) ion is reduced to copper (I) ion, gains an electron

properties of ethanal

smells of rotten apples
boils at 20 degrees
short chain soluble in water due to polar carbonyl group

reaction of carboxylic acid with magnesium

2CH3COOH + Mg = (CH3COO)2Mg + H2

reaction of carboxylic acid with sodium hydroxide

CH3COOH + NaOH = CH3COONa + H2O
neutralisation reaction

reaction of carboxylic acid and sodium carbonate

2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 = 2CH3COONa + H2O + CO2
neutralisation reaction

reaction of carboxylic acid with alcohols

CH3COOH + CH3OH = CH3COOCH3 + H2O
substitution reaction
conc. H2SO4 will catalyse reaction by dehydrating it