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Bilateria
Triploblastic animals with bilateral symmetry
What are the clades that are included in Bilateria?
Basal clade: Acoela
Deuterostomia, Protostomia: Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa, and Chaetognatha
Phylum Chaetognatha
Arrow worms
~70 living species
What are some characteristics of Phylum Chaetognatha?
- Centimeter sized range
- Arrow shaped, transparent body with a head, trunk, tail, and fins
- Has eyes
- Has powerful jaws with teeth
- Marine predators
What is the sister clade to Phylum Chaetognatha?
Protostomia
Lophotrochozoa
A non-molting triploblastic and bilateral diverse group composed of 18 phyla
What does the Lophotrochozoa name come from?
Lophophore and Trochophore
Lophophore
A horseshoe-shaped crown-like feeding structure with ciliated tentacles
Trochophore
A pear-shaped larva with a ring of cilia around its middle
What are the 18 phyla of Lophotrochozoa?
Ectoprocts, Brachiopoda, Phoronida, Gastrotricha, Cycliophora, Nemertea, Annelida, Siponucla, Echiura, Mollusca, Platyhelminthes, and Rotifera
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Flatworms
~ 20,000 species
What are some characteristics of Phylum Platyhelminthes?
- Living in all habitats
- Mostly parasitic
- Dorsoventrally flattened acoelomates
- Bilateral nervous system
- No respiratory or circulatory systems
- Has a digestive and excretory systems
- Hermaphrodites
Digestive system of Platyhelminthes
Incomplete with one opening
Excretory system of Platyhelminthes
Small tubules lined with ciliated flame bulbs (protonephridia)
Protonephridia
More primitive tubules with bundles of flame cells to remove waste materials out of body in flatworms, ribbon worms, and rotifers
Hermaphrodite
An organism with both male and female reproductive structures
What are the two lineages (subphyla) of a Platyhelminthes?
Catenulida and Rhabditophora
Subphyla Catenulida
Chain worms
What are some characteristics of Catenulida?
- Lives in freshwater
- Reproduces asexually by budding into chains of individuals
Subphyla Rhabditophora
Planarians, trematodes, and tapeworms
What are some characteristics of Rhabditophora?
- More diverse
- Found in marine and freshwater habitats
- Free-living and parasitic species
Class Turbellaria
Planarians
What are some characteristics of Class Turbellaria?
- Free-living rhabditophorans: Planarians
- Found in marine or freshwater
- Use ciliated epithelial cells for movement
- Have eyespots
- Use the pharynx for feeding
Class Trematoda
Flukes
What are some characteristics of Class Trematoda?
- Parasitic rhabditophorans: Trematodes
- All parasitic
- Resistant to digestive enzymes and host immune response
- Cause blood flukes
Class Cestoda
Tapeworms
What are some characteristics of Class Cestoda?
- All parasitic
- Resistant to digestive enzymes and host immune response
- No mouth or digestive tract
- Has a scolex and proglottids
Scolex
Attachment with suckers and hooks found in tapeworms
Proglottids
Units that contain sex organs and form a ribbon behind the scolex
Phylum Syndermata
Rotifers and Acanthocephalans
Rotifera
Wheel animals
~ 1800 species
What are some characteristics of Rotifera?
- Found in freshwater, marine, and damp soil
- Fluid-filled pseudocoelom
- Has an alimentary canal
- Reproduces through parthenogenesis
- Has a corona and hydrostatic skeleton
Alimentary canal
A digestive tube with a mouth and anus
Parthenogenesis
The reproductive process in which females produce female offspring from unfertilized eggs
Corona
A ciliated food-gathering organ at the tip of the head in filter feeders
Hydrostatic skeleton
A fluid skeleton in the pseudocoelom
Acanthocephalans
Thorny-headed worms
What are some characteristics of Acanthocephalans?
- Parasites of vertebrates
- No digestive tract
Phylum Ectoprocta
Moss animals
aka Bryozoans
~ 4500 species
What are some characteristics of Phylum Ectoprocta?
- Found in marine
- Small animals form colonies
- Coelomate
- Lophophore
- Has a zooecium
- Has a U-shaped alimentary canal
Zooecium
Calcareous or organic (chitin, protein) exoskeleton of Ectoprocta
Phylum Brachiopoda
Lamp shell
~ 355 species
What are some characteristics of Phylum Brachiopoda?
- All are marine
- Resembles clams but the two shells have different size
- Lophophore
- Has a pedicle and anchors to seafloor
Pedicle
A supporting column or stalk
Phylum Phoronida
Horseshoe worms
What are some characteristics of Phylum Phoronida?
- Marine
- Lophophore
- Worm-like animals in tubes
- U-shaped gut
Phylum Nemertea
Ribbon worms
~ 900 species
What are some characteristics of Phylum Nemertea?
- Marine
- Very long
- Has a complete digestive system
- Has a closed circulatory system
- Acoelomate
- Has proboscis
Proboscis
An extensible or retractable tubular feeding organ in invertebrate worms
Phylum Gastrotricha
Hairy bellies/hairybacks
Gastrorichs
~ 790 species
What are some characteristics of Phylum Gastroricha?
- Mostly living at bottoms of lakes or oceans
- Tiny worms (0.06-3mm)
- Cilia covering their ventral surface
- Colorless, simple body plan. Acoelomate
Phylum Cycliophora
Symbion pandora
What are some characteristics of Phylum Cycliophora?
- Found in mouth-parts of Norway lobsters
- Only one known species
- Tiny animals < .5mm
- Sac-like, jug shaped body. No coelom
- Reproduces both asexually by budding and sexually
Phylum Annelida
Segmented worms, earthworms, and leeches
What are some characteristics of Phylum Annelida?
- Segmentation
- Has coelom
- Has hydrostatic skeleton
- Has a nervous system
- Has a complete digestive system
- Has a closed circulatory system
- Has an excretory system (metanephridia)
- Has a muscular system
- Gas exchange through the skin
- Hermaphrodiates
- Trochophore larvae
- Has chaetae (setae)
Nervous system of Phylum Annelida
Has compound eyes and brain. Has ventral nerve cord
Metanephridia
Ciliated tubes or organs functional as primary units of excretory system found in invertebrates like annelids, arthropods, and molluscs
Muscular system of Phylum Annelida
Outer circular layer and an inner longitudinal layer
Chaetae (setae)
Bristles of chitin used for anchoring or locomotion
What are the three classes of Phylum Annelida?
Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, and Hirudinea
Class Polychaeta
Polychaetes
What are some characteristics of Class Polychaeta?
- Mostly marine
- Sessile or free-living
- Deposit or filter feeders
- Tentacles modified into filtering organs
- Have parapodia
Parapodia
A pair of flatten extensions in each segment of polychaeta worms for locomotion and gas exchange
Class Oligochaeta
Earthworms
What are some characteristics of Class Oligochaeta?
- Mostly terrestrial
- Sparse chaetae
- Lack parapodia
- Has clitellum
- Feeds on detritus
- No eyes
- Hermaphroditic
Clitellum
Thickened, reproductive non-segmented region found in both earthworms and leeches
Class Hirudinea
Leeches
What are some characteristics of Class Hirudinea?
- Mostly freshwater
- Size range (1-30 cm)
- No parapodia
- Hematophagy
- Parasites, predators, and scavengers
Hematophagy
Blood feeding
What are the two clades of Annelida?
Errantia and Sedentaria
Errantia
Errantians
Mobile marine free-living annelids
What are some characteristics of Errantia?
- Mobile swimmers, crawlers, or burrowers
- Other are relatively immobile tube-dwellers
- Have well-developed jaws used for predation or grazing on multicellular algae
- Has pair of paddle- or ridge-like parapodia on each body segment
Sedentaria
Sedentarians
Less mobile annelids
What are some characteristics of Sedentaria?
- Burrower or tube-dwellers
- Includes earthworms and leeches
Phylum Sipuncula
Peanut worms
What are some characteristics of Sipuncula?
- Found in shallow water
- Soft, unsegmented body
- Coelom
- Deposit feeders, retractable feeding organ
- Has subgroups of Annelida
Phylum (?) Echiura
Spoon worms
What are some characteristics of Phylum Echiura?
- Found in marine
- Have proboscis
- Unsegmented body
- Deposit feeders
- Feeds with a large flattened spoon-like proboscis
- Closely related to Annelida
Phylum Mollusca
Mollusks
~ 93,000 species
What are some characteristics of Phylum Mollusca?
- Most are marine
- Has a body shell
- Has a soft body, mantle, and CaCO3 shell
- Has a radula
- Body plan has 3 parts: muscular foot, visceral mass, and mantle
- Digestive, excretory, circulatory, and reproductive systems
What are some Phylum Mollusca animals?
Chitons, snails, slugs, oysters, clams, octopuses, squids...
Body shell of Phylum Mollusca
The soft body of many species that is surrounded by a protective calcium carbonate shell
Radula
A ribbon-like feeding tissue with teeth (rasping "tongue") which is made up of chitin found in mollusks
Muscular foot
Used for locomotion, predation, and attachment
Visceral mass
The central section of a mollusk's body that contains the most of the mollusk's internal organs
Digestive system of Phylum Mollusca
More complicated. Complete with separated mouth and anus. Has radula
Excretory system of Phylum Mollusca
Efficient and uses nephridia
Circulatory system of Phylum Mollusca
Most have an open system
Reproductive system of mollusca
Trochophore and veliger
Veliger
The final larval stage of certain mollusks, having two ciliated flaps for swimming and feeding
Mantle
A thin layer of tissue which can secrete the shell. Has a mantle cavity and shell
What are four classes of Mollusca to know for the test?
Gastropoda, Cephalopoda, Polyplacophora, Bivalva
Valve
Another name for shell
Class Gastropoda
Snails and slugs
~ 70,000 species
What are some characteristics of Class Gastropoda?
- Mostly marine
- Twisted gut - torsion
- Spiral shell or no shell (slugs)
- Mobile herbivores and predators
Torsion in Class Gastropoda
A twisting of the body over on itself
Class Polyplacophora
Chitons
~ 1000 species
What are some characteristics of Class Polyplacophora?
- Mostly marine
- No torsion
- Segmented shell (8 shell plates)
- Flat shape, reduced head
- Has large, flat foot
Class Bivalvia
Clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops
~ 20,000 species
What are some characteristics of Class Bivalvia?
- Mostly marine
- Filter feeder
- Body is enclosed in valves, no head
- Lacks radula
- Clams have siphons for feeding
- Most have a strong muscular foot
- Some have eyes and sensory tentacles along the edge of their mantle
- Crystalline style