BIOL 1030 Ch. 33 Lophotrochozoans

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119 Terms

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Bilateria

Triploblastic animals with bilateral symmetry

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What are the clades that are included in Bilateria?

Basal clade: Acoela
Deuterostomia, Protostomia: Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa, and Chaetognatha

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Phylum Chaetognatha

Arrow worms
~70 living species

<p>Arrow worms<br>~70 living species</p>
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What are some characteristics of Phylum Chaetognatha?

- Centimeter sized range
- Arrow shaped, transparent body with a head, trunk, tail, and fins
- Has eyes
- Has powerful jaws with teeth
- Marine predators

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What is the sister clade to Phylum Chaetognatha?

Protostomia

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Lophotrochozoa

A non-molting triploblastic and bilateral diverse group composed of 18 phyla

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What does the Lophotrochozoa name come from?

Lophophore and Trochophore

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Lophophore

A horseshoe-shaped crown-like feeding structure with ciliated tentacles

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Trochophore

A pear-shaped larva with a ring of cilia around its middle

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What are the 18 phyla of Lophotrochozoa?

Ectoprocts, Brachiopoda, Phoronida, Gastrotricha, Cycliophora, Nemertea, Annelida, Siponucla, Echiura, Mollusca, Platyhelminthes, and Rotifera

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Phylum Platyhelminthes

Flatworms
~ 20,000 species

<p>Flatworms<br>~ 20,000 species</p>
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What are some characteristics of Phylum Platyhelminthes?

- Living in all habitats
- Mostly parasitic
- Dorsoventrally flattened acoelomates
- Bilateral nervous system
- No respiratory or circulatory systems
- Has a digestive and excretory systems
- Hermaphrodites

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Digestive system of Platyhelminthes

Incomplete with one opening

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Excretory system of Platyhelminthes

Small tubules lined with ciliated flame bulbs (protonephridia)

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Protonephridia

More primitive tubules with bundles of flame cells to remove waste materials out of body in flatworms, ribbon worms, and rotifers

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Hermaphrodite

An organism with both male and female reproductive structures

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What are the two lineages (subphyla) of a Platyhelminthes?

Catenulida and Rhabditophora

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Subphyla Catenulida

Chain worms

<p>Chain worms</p>
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What are some characteristics of Catenulida?

- Lives in freshwater
- Reproduces asexually by budding into chains of individuals

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Subphyla Rhabditophora

Planarians, trematodes, and tapeworms

<p>Planarians, trematodes, and tapeworms</p>
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What are some characteristics of Rhabditophora?

- More diverse
- Found in marine and freshwater habitats
- Free-living and parasitic species

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Class Turbellaria

Planarians

<p>Planarians</p>
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What are some characteristics of Class Turbellaria?

- Free-living rhabditophorans: Planarians
- Found in marine or freshwater
- Use ciliated epithelial cells for movement
- Have eyespots
- Use the pharynx for feeding

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Class Trematoda

Flukes

<p>Flukes</p>
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What are some characteristics of Class Trematoda?

- Parasitic rhabditophorans: Trematodes
- All parasitic
- Resistant to digestive enzymes and host immune response
- Cause blood flukes

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Class Cestoda

Tapeworms

<p>Tapeworms</p>
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What are some characteristics of Class Cestoda?

- All parasitic
- Resistant to digestive enzymes and host immune response
- No mouth or digestive tract
- Has a scolex and proglottids

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Scolex

Attachment with suckers and hooks found in tapeworms

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Proglottids

Units that contain sex organs and form a ribbon behind the scolex

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Phylum Syndermata

Rotifers and Acanthocephalans

<p>Rotifers and Acanthocephalans</p>
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Rotifera

Wheel animals
~ 1800 species

<p>Wheel animals<br>~ 1800 species</p>
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What are some characteristics of Rotifera?

- Found in freshwater, marine, and damp soil
- Fluid-filled pseudocoelom
- Has an alimentary canal
- Reproduces through parthenogenesis
- Has a corona and hydrostatic skeleton

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Alimentary canal

A digestive tube with a mouth and anus

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Parthenogenesis

The reproductive process in which females produce female offspring from unfertilized eggs

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Corona

A ciliated food-gathering organ at the tip of the head in filter feeders

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Hydrostatic skeleton

A fluid skeleton in the pseudocoelom

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Acanthocephalans

Thorny-headed worms

<p>Thorny-headed worms</p>
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What are some characteristics of Acanthocephalans?

- Parasites of vertebrates
- No digestive tract

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Phylum Ectoprocta

Moss animals
aka Bryozoans
~ 4500 species

<p>Moss animals<br>aka Bryozoans<br>~ 4500 species</p>
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What are some characteristics of Phylum Ectoprocta?

- Found in marine
- Small animals form colonies
- Coelomate
- Lophophore
- Has a zooecium
- Has a U-shaped alimentary canal

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Zooecium

Calcareous or organic (chitin, protein) exoskeleton of Ectoprocta

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Phylum Brachiopoda

Lamp shell
~ 355 species

<p>Lamp shell<br>~ 355 species</p>
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What are some characteristics of Phylum Brachiopoda?

- All are marine
- Resembles clams but the two shells have different size
- Lophophore
- Has a pedicle and anchors to seafloor

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Pedicle

A supporting column or stalk

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Phylum Phoronida

Horseshoe worms

<p>Horseshoe worms</p>
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What are some characteristics of Phylum Phoronida?

- Marine
- Lophophore
- Worm-like animals in tubes
- U-shaped gut

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Phylum Nemertea

Ribbon worms
~ 900 species

<p>Ribbon worms<br>~ 900 species</p>
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What are some characteristics of Phylum Nemertea?

- Marine
- Very long
- Has a complete digestive system
- Has a closed circulatory system
- Acoelomate
- Has proboscis

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Proboscis

An extensible or retractable tubular feeding organ in invertebrate worms

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Phylum Gastrotricha

Hairy bellies/hairybacks
Gastrorichs
~ 790 species

<p>Hairy bellies/hairybacks<br>Gastrorichs<br>~ 790 species</p>
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What are some characteristics of Phylum Gastroricha?

- Mostly living at bottoms of lakes or oceans
- Tiny worms (0.06-3mm)
- Cilia covering their ventral surface
- Colorless, simple body plan. Acoelomate

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Phylum Cycliophora

Symbion pandora

<p>Symbion pandora</p>
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What are some characteristics of Phylum Cycliophora?

- Found in mouth-parts of Norway lobsters
- Only one known species
- Tiny animals < .5mm
- Sac-like, jug shaped body. No coelom
- Reproduces both asexually by budding and sexually

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Phylum Annelida

Segmented worms, earthworms, and leeches

<p>Segmented worms, earthworms, and leeches</p>
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What are some characteristics of Phylum Annelida?

- Segmentation
- Has coelom
- Has hydrostatic skeleton
- Has a nervous system
- Has a complete digestive system
- Has a closed circulatory system
- Has an excretory system (metanephridia)
- Has a muscular system
- Gas exchange through the skin
- Hermaphrodiates
- Trochophore larvae
- Has chaetae (setae)

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Nervous system of Phylum Annelida

Has compound eyes and brain. Has ventral nerve cord

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Metanephridia

Ciliated tubes or organs functional as primary units of excretory system found in invertebrates like annelids, arthropods, and molluscs

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Muscular system of Phylum Annelida

Outer circular layer and an inner longitudinal layer

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Chaetae (setae)

Bristles of chitin used for anchoring or locomotion

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What are the three classes of Phylum Annelida?

Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, and Hirudinea

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Class Polychaeta

Polychaetes

<p>Polychaetes</p>
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What are some characteristics of Class Polychaeta?

- Mostly marine
- Sessile or free-living
- Deposit or filter feeders
- Tentacles modified into filtering organs
- Have parapodia

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Parapodia

A pair of flatten extensions in each segment of polychaeta worms for locomotion and gas exchange

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Class Oligochaeta

Earthworms

<p>Earthworms</p>
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What are some characteristics of Class Oligochaeta?

- Mostly terrestrial
- Sparse chaetae
- Lack parapodia
- Has clitellum
- Feeds on detritus
- No eyes
- Hermaphroditic

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Clitellum

Thickened, reproductive non-segmented region found in both earthworms and leeches

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Class Hirudinea

Leeches

<p>Leeches</p>
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What are some characteristics of Class Hirudinea?

- Mostly freshwater
- Size range (1-30 cm)
- No parapodia
- Hematophagy
- Parasites, predators, and scavengers

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Hematophagy

Blood feeding

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What are the two clades of Annelida?

Errantia and Sedentaria

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Errantia

Errantians
Mobile marine free-living annelids

<p>Errantians<br>Mobile marine free-living annelids</p>
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What are some characteristics of Errantia?

- Mobile swimmers, crawlers, or burrowers
- Other are relatively immobile tube-dwellers
- Have well-developed jaws used for predation or grazing on multicellular algae
- Has pair of paddle- or ridge-like parapodia on each body segment

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Sedentaria

Sedentarians
Less mobile annelids

<p>Sedentarians<br>Less mobile annelids</p>
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What are some characteristics of Sedentaria?

- Burrower or tube-dwellers
- Includes earthworms and leeches

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Phylum Sipuncula

Peanut worms

<p>Peanut worms</p>
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What are some characteristics of Sipuncula?

- Found in shallow water
- Soft, unsegmented body
- Coelom
- Deposit feeders, retractable feeding organ
- Has subgroups of Annelida

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Phylum (?) Echiura

Spoon worms

<p>Spoon worms</p>
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What are some characteristics of Phylum Echiura?

- Found in marine
- Have proboscis
- Unsegmented body
- Deposit feeders
- Feeds with a large flattened spoon-like proboscis
- Closely related to Annelida

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Phylum Mollusca

Mollusks
~ 93,000 species

<p>Mollusks<br>~ 93,000 species</p>
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What are some characteristics of Phylum Mollusca?

- Most are marine
- Has a body shell
- Has a soft body, mantle, and CaCO3 shell
- Has a radula
- Body plan has 3 parts: muscular foot, visceral mass, and mantle
- Digestive, excretory, circulatory, and reproductive systems

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What are some Phylum Mollusca animals?

Chitons, snails, slugs, oysters, clams, octopuses, squids...

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Body shell of Phylum Mollusca

The soft body of many species that is surrounded by a protective calcium carbonate shell

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Radula

A ribbon-like feeding tissue with teeth (rasping "tongue") which is made up of chitin found in mollusks

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Muscular foot

Used for locomotion, predation, and attachment

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Visceral mass

The central section of a mollusk's body that contains the most of the mollusk's internal organs

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Digestive system of Phylum Mollusca

More complicated. Complete with separated mouth and anus. Has radula

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Excretory system of Phylum Mollusca

Efficient and uses nephridia

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Circulatory system of Phylum Mollusca

Most have an open system

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Reproductive system of mollusca

Trochophore and veliger

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Veliger

The final larval stage of certain mollusks, having two ciliated flaps for swimming and feeding

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Mantle

A thin layer of tissue which can secrete the shell. Has a mantle cavity and shell

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What are four classes of Mollusca to know for the test?

Gastropoda, Cephalopoda, Polyplacophora, Bivalva

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Valve

Another name for shell

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Class Gastropoda

Snails and slugs
~ 70,000 species

<p>Snails and slugs<br>~ 70,000 species</p>
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What are some characteristics of Class Gastropoda?

- Mostly marine
- Twisted gut - torsion
- Spiral shell or no shell (slugs)
- Mobile herbivores and predators

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Torsion in Class Gastropoda

A twisting of the body over on itself

<p>A twisting of the body over on itself</p>
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Class Polyplacophora

Chitons
~ 1000 species

<p>Chitons<br>~ 1000 species</p>
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What are some characteristics of Class Polyplacophora?

- Mostly marine
- No torsion
- Segmented shell (8 shell plates)
- Flat shape, reduced head
- Has large, flat foot

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Class Bivalvia

Clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops
~ 20,000 species

<p>Clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops<br>~ 20,000 species</p>
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What are some characteristics of Class Bivalvia?

- Mostly marine
- Filter feeder
- Body is enclosed in valves, no head
- Lacks radula
- Clams have siphons for feeding
- Most have a strong muscular foot
- Some have eyes and sensory tentacles along the edge of their mantle
- Crystalline style