Prokaryotes

2 domains of prokaryotes

Archea & eubacteria

2 kingdoms of prokaryotes

Archaebacteria & eubacteria

Characteristics of bacteria

No membrane bound organelles, unicellular and asexual reproduction

3 shapes of bacteria

Coccus, bacillus, spirillum

Bacillus

Rod shaped

Coccus

Spherical shaped

Spirilla

Spiral shaped

Capsule

Outermost layer for protection, moistness and stickiness

Cell wall

Shape and support, made of peptidoglycan

Ribosomes

Protein synthesis

Nucleoid

Area where DNA is located

Flagella

Movement

Pilli

Transfers genetic information

Cytoplasm

Jelly-like juice

Conjugation

Plasmid transferred to another individual across pilli

Conjugation bridge

Pilli connect, allowing plasmid to go across

Plasmid

Little ball with a bit of DNA

Binary Fission

Mitosis for prokaryotes, asexual, produces genetically identical colony

Harmful bacteria

Strains of bacteria that help disease

Helpful bacteria

Digestion, food, sewage, environment, vitamin K…

Virus make up materials

Capsid (protein coat) and nucleic acid

Virus make up

Head, tail and tail fibre

First step of Lytic Cycle

Lytic bacteria attaches to the host cell.

Second step of Lytic Cycle

It uses the host's ribosomes to make virus proteins that break down the host's DNA.

Third step of Lytic Cycle

The virus detaches and assembles new virus proteins and nucleic acid.

Fourth step of Lytic Cycle

Virus proteins assemble into new viruses

Final step of Lytic Cycle

Special proteins cause the host cell to lyse, releasing many more viruses.

Viruses life status

Not living

2 main components of a virus

Outer protective coat (Capsid) & genetic material (DNA or RNA)

2 ways a virus can reproduce

Conjugation and Binary fission

Stages of the Lysogenic cycle

Attach -> nucleic acid -> Something causes viral DNA to activate -> Lytic Cycle

Prophage

Host DNA + Viral DNA

Transgenic organism

Combined DNA

Restriction enzymes

Enzymes that recognise certain DNA sequences and cut at that location