anat2

Cells, Tissues, Systems

cells

robert hooke

English scientist - Mid 1600s, cut a piece of cork and viewed it under
lenses; coined the term “cell”

anton van leeuwenhoek

dutch fabric salesman; making microscopes was his hobby; first person to observe bacteria, blood cells, and organisms in pond water in 1675

cell theory

Schleidan, Schwann, and Virchow observed and concluded three basic facts about cells:
1. All living things are composed of one or more cells.
2. Cells are an organisms’ basic unit of structure and function.
3. Cells come from other cells

selectively preamble

Only allow certain molecules in the cell. Only allows a certain amount of molecules in the cell.

fluid - mosaic model

the lipids and proteins are free to move about

organelles & functions

“little organ,” part of a cell that performed a specific function

passive transport

is movement of molecules into/out of a cell without using energy. Moves molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

diffusion

is the process where molecules move from an area of higher consternation to an area of lower concentration

osmosis

is the diffusion of water. Water is moving from an area of high concentration (of water) to an area of low concentration (of water). Water is the solvent in our cells.

active trasport

includes: sodium-potassium pump, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, exocytosis. All require use of ATP (cellular energy)

concentration gradient

the difference in concentration of molecules across an area

endocytosis

how cells engulf large substances. Phagocytosis- ingesting solid particles. Pinocytosis- ingesting liquids. The cell membrane moves around the material and then makes it a vesicle that pinches off into the cell membrane

cell cycle

the cell cycle is made of 2 parts: interphase and division. Cell division also involves two parts: mitosis- division of the nucleus. Cytokinesis- division of the cytoplasm. It does not change the amount of DNA in a cell. For some organisms, it is a means of reproduction

nucleic acid

naturally occurring chemical compounds that serve as the primary information-carrying molecules in cells DNA and RNA

nitrogenous bases

Purines- Adenine and Guanine - Contain a double ring of carbon and
nitrogen; Pyridamines- Thymine and Cytosine Contain a single ring of
carbon and nitrogen

Adenine and Guanine

purines; double ring of carbon and nitrogen

Thymine and Cytosine

pyridamines; contain a single ring of carbon and nitrogen

complementary bases (AT)

Adenine always bonds with Thymine

complementary bases (CG)

Cytosine always bonds with Guanine

complementary bases

When two nucleotides pair together

purines

Adenine and Guanine

Pyrimadines

Thymine and Cytosine

chromatin

When cell is not dividing, DNA is in an uncoiled form

chromosomes

condensed strand of DNA

dna replication

the process by which the genome's DNA is copied in cells

adipose

form - large storage cells
function - stores lipids
found in - organs, yellow bone marrow

areolar

form - delicate webs of fibers and cells
function - 'glue' that gives form to internal organs, provides strength, support, and elasticity
found in - Most widely distributed. Found around blood vessels, nerves, organs; in mucus membrane; subcutaneous layer

nervous

form (2) - neurons (nerve cells) glial cells (connect and support cells)
function - rapid communications, control of body structures
found in - brain, spinal cord, and nerves

blood

form - blood cells suspended in a liquid matrix
function - transport / protection and immune functions

bone

form - matrix is hard and calcified. Made up of osteocytes.
function - support, protections, and storage for calcium

cartilage

form - area between cells is gel-like with white collagen and elastin fibers in it
function - Cushioning between bones. Support surrounding structures and provide shape

dense fibrous

form - bundles of strong, white collagen fibers in parallel rows
function - flexible and strong connections
found in - Makes up tendons, ligaments, scar tissue
*no white spacing*

skeletal

form - parallel
function - control body movements and moves bones
found in - attached to bones

smooth

form - white spaces, ovals
function - contraction of digestive tract, changes diameter of blood vessels, pupils, bronchioles in lungs, digestive tract, shapes of lenses

cardiac

form - branched, long, and skinny
function - regular in voluntary contractions of the heart to pump blood
found - the heart muscle

simple squamos

form - several layers of closely packed scale like cells
function - absorption absorbed from lungs into blood

simple cubodial

form - single layer of cube shaped cells
function - allows for secretions
found in - saliva, sweat

simple columnar

form - single layer of cells that are higher than wide
function - absorption
found in - lining of stomach, intestines

stratified squamos

form - several layers of closely packed scale like cells
function - protection
found in - skin

pseudo - stratified

form - 2 layers thick
function - protects lungs against dust, etc
found in - lining of trachea
*always has hairs *

body tissues

Tissues differ from each other in size, shape and the kind of material between their cells

body tissues (Epithelial)

covers/lines body

body tissues (connective)

most abundant - connects body part

body tissues (muscle)

responsible for movement

body tissues (nervous)

responsible for sending quick messages

shapes of cells (squamos)

flat and scalelike

shapes of cells (cubodial)

cube shaped

shapes of cells (columnar)

higher than they are wide

arrangement of cells (simple)

single layer of cells of the same shape

arrangement of cells (stratified)

many layers of cells of the same shape

arrangement of cells (transitional)

several layers of cells of different shape

Integumentary system

function - made up of skin; sweat, protection, helps with body temp
SKIN - helps with body temp regulation and protection

Skeletal System

function - allows movement, bones create blood and cells, protects internal organs
BONES - skull, spine, sternum, ribs, collarbone, protects internal organs

Muscular System

function - movement
Muscles - movement, smooth, skeletal, and cardiac tissue

Nervous System

function - sends electrical signals that allow for the body to control muscle movements and maintain homeostasis by activating glands and muscles
SPINAL CORD - sends commands to the body that were sent from the brain
BRAIN - command center of the body, controls motor skills, memory, and vision, regulates the body

Endocrine System

function - creation of hormones that get sent around the body to maintain homeostasis, helps control moos and the way our organs work
PITUITARY GLAND - regulates growth, metabolism, and reproduction
ADRENAL GLAND - release hormones to maintain multiple bodily functions
THYROID - releases hormones to keep bodys metabolism under control

Reproductive System

function - making babies
OVARIES - eggs, estrogen
TESTES - sperm, testosterones

Lymphatic System

function - defends against infections and other diseases, protect body from invading pathos, transport lymph, white blood cells, fats, proteins, IMMUNE
SPLEEN - stores and filters blood, takes things out that are dead
THYMUS - produces and trains lymphocytes, immune cannot live without it
*T cells - white blood cells *

Cardiovascular System

function - move nutrients and oxygen through the body
HEART - pumps blood so you can deliver the oxygen and nutrients throughout the body
ARTERIES - separates the oxygen and nutrients through your body
VEINS - bring the use of oxygen and nutrients to the heart so the heart can do its job

Respiratory System

function - transport fresh air into your body while disposing waste gas (co2)
LARYNX- hollow tube that transports air from throat to trachea to your lungs
BRONCHI - carry oxygen to and from your lungs
LUNGS - bring air from the atmosphere and move oxygen into the blood stream

Digestive System

function - digest food
ESOPHAGUS - contracts as it moves food into stomach
STOMACH - holds food, enzymes and acid break down food into a liquid/goo
LIVER - process the blood, breaks down, balances and creates nutrients
SMALL INTESTINES - helps to further digest food coming from the stomach, nutrient absorption
GALLBLADDER - small pouch under liver, stores bile produced by liver
LARGE INTESTINES - absorbs water and changes the waste from liquid into stool
PANCREAS - enzymes that releases hormones insuline and glucagon into the blood stream

Urinary System

function - main blood filter, makes urine
KIDNEYS - main filter, filters blood
BLADDER - stores urine
URETERS - transports urine from kidney to bladder
URETHRA - takes out of body; bladder ----- > out of body