ARCH 2311: Exam 3

arch of titus: forum romanum, rome (after 81 ad)

imperial rome

spoils of jerusalem: relief panel (marble)

triumph of titus: relief panel (marble)

apollodorus of damascus: trajans forum, rome

imperial rome

forum of trajan was the largest and the grandest of imperial forums

built using monies from the conquest of dacia

• apollodorous of damascus, basilica ulpia (98-117 ad)

things found in basilicas: business dealings, contracts, courts

ulpia: family name

oriented transversely

corinthian columns

nave: central space of basilica

screened off with columns

aps: half circle dome shape in back

basilicas have flat wooden roof structure (waffle like)

• trajans column (106-113 ad)

continuous seam around the shaft

625 ft of relief carvings

cast copy of trajan’s column in victoria and albert museum (london)

• apollodorous of damascus, markets of trajan (100-112 ad)

arculation arches

interior of great hall: groin vaults (intersected barrel vaults)

flavian amphitheater (the colosseum): rome (72-80 ad)

imperial rome

called colosseum because next to a colossal statue (colossal statue of nero)

reconstruction showing colossal statue of nero modified as a sun god

could fit 50,000 people

barrel vaults and radial barrel vaults

seating sections by class and tarp covering

reenactment of roman naval battles

chambers under central floor (hypogeum)

hypogeum (hypo = under)

behind the scenes section (dressing rooms, animal cages, etc)

graduated orders: low orders to decorative orders (top to bottom: corinthian, ionic, tuscan)

(the very very top = corinthian pilasters)

pantheon: apollodorous of damascus (architect) rome (118-128 ad)

imperial rome

octastyle

like other roman temples, is placed within temple enclosures

relieving arches in upper wall

giovanni paolo, oil on canvas

dome span & height = 142 ft

oculus = 28 ft wide

lighter aggregate (stone material?) is used in the concrete as the height increases

caracalla thermae, rome (211-217 ad)

imperial rome

bath house

aula palatina, at the palace of constantine, trier, germany (early 14th century)

late antiquity / early christianity

arch of constantine, rome (312-15)

late antiquity / early christianity

luna, rounded on west end

“constantine as sol invictus” rounded on east end

old st. peter’s, vatican hill, rome (bagan 320)

late antiquity / early christianity

view of nave towards apse

view of apse with baldacchino

section of vatician hill showing relation of saint peters tomb to the floor level of the old and new saint peters basilica

sta. costanza, rome (337-351)

late antiquity / early christianity

ambulatory (walkway around the apse)

detail of vault mosaic in the ambulatory

baptistery, at san giovanni in laterano, rome (14th century)

late antiquity / early christianity

st john lateran is the cathedral of the bishop of rome (pope)

basilica has its own feast day in the roman catholic calendar (november 9)

san vitale, ravenna (526 - 547)

byzantium

ambulatory

apse mosiacs of christ between two angels

mosaics of justinian, bishop maximianus, and attendants

mosiac of theodore and attendants

justian’s architects build the dome out of hollow clay pots

justinian and his retinue, mosaic in apse, church of san vitale, ravenna (547)

byzantium

anthemius of tralles and isodorous of miletus, hagia sophia, constantinople (532-537)

byzantium

sutton hoo burial ship and mounds, suffolk, england (early 7th century)

early medieval: carolingian and ottonian

restored mound

where burial ship was located

excavation of burial ship

arrangement of objects around body

helmet

belt buckle

purse cover

odo of metz (architect), palatine chapel, at palace of charlemagne, aachen (aix la chapelle), germany (792 - 805)

early medieval: carolingian and ottonian

west work: tower-like western-entrance to a church with a chapel over it

charlemagne’s throne located here

8 sided to 12 sided

odo of metz utilized the (now visible) predominant structural solution at the colosseum for the chapel the barrel vault

torhalle (gatehouse), monastery at lorsch, germany (767-74)

early medieval: carolingian and ottonian

restricted access

triple arch opening

detail of stonework

engaged columns: reference to roman composite capitals

pilasters are in pattern from composite capital on the bottom floor and ionic on the second floor

second floor room with roman-like fresco painting (painting on plaster)

ideal plan for a monastery, from st. gall, switzerland (820)

early medieval: carolingian and ottonian

charlemagne reintroduces monumental planning in the west

manuscripts of how to organize and function a monastery

towers at western end of abbey church

brought scholars all over from europe and different religious leaders to work on certain areas of the monasteries

pink: cross-like plan

blue: alters surrounding

red: wooden roof structures

green: towers

cloister: center of life revolved around the church and the cloister

open garden space like a courtyard because the important buildings that people went to in their daily lives surrounded it

st. michaels church, hildesheim, germany (1001-31)

early medieval: carolingian and ottonian

introduction of rhythm in architecture elements

a - b - b - a (rhythm of the nave) pier - column - column - pier

bays: vertical divisions marked by architectural elements

door with relief panels of genesis and the life of christ (bishop bernward)

columns too

inspiration and correlation

dome of the rock, jerusalem (687-692)

islam

close proximity to the jewish temple of soloman (destroyed by titus in 70 ad)

close proximity to the wailing wall (part of temple of soloman)

arched screens

oldest extant islamic structure

shrine not a mosque for mohammad that resurrected

tile work

dome is 75 ft high and spans of 67 ft

interior feels like byzantine architecture

dome decor

great mosque, damascus, syria (706 - 715)

islam

large prayer hall with hypostyle: meant to gather large groups of gatherings for prayer

layout is like a basilica church

utilized roman building elements: capital of columns

mihrab: a semicircle niche in the wall for people to pray

entry to prayer hall with elaborate byzantine mosaics

great mosque, cordoba, spain (786, 833 - 988)

islam

horseshow arch entry

hypostyle prayer hall

double colonnade hypostyle

scalloped arches separate the prayer hall and private section for the caliph

dome

mihrab

catholic cathedral of cordoba is placed in the middle of the prayer hall

sainte-foy, conques, france (1050 - 1130)

romanesque

relic statue of ste foye

entry portal with tympanum sculpture of the last judgement

naves were typically dark in romanesque with light only from windows

needed butressing for barrel vaults

relics were displayed here