QCE Biology

Prokaryote (prokaryotic)

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles.

Eukaryote (eukaryotic)

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles.

What is ATP?

Adenosine Triphosphate, the main energy source that cells use for most of their work.

Autotroph (autotrophic)

Organisms that make their own food from carbon dioxide.

Heterotroph (heterotrophic)

an organism that cannot make its own food and instead relies on consuming other organisms; all animals, fungi and protozoans are heterotrophic, as well as most bacteria.

Unicellular

An organism made up of one type of cell.

Multicellular

An organism made up of more than one type of cell.

Animals (Anamalia)

eukaryotic; multicellular; heterotroph; consumers; complex organ systems.

Plants (Plantae)

Eukaryotic, multicellular organisms with cell walls and chloroplasts. Photosynthesis for energy.

Fungus (Fungi)

Saprophytic and parasitic spore-producing eukaryotic organisms that lack chlorophyll and include molds, rusts, mildews, smuts, mushrooms, and yeasts.

Protists

single-celled or simple multicellular eukaryotic organisms that generally do not fit in any other kingdom. Which Domain?

Bacteria (Bactae)

single-celled, prokaryotic, micro-organisms that reproduce by cell division and may cause infection by invading body tissue of animals.

MRS GREN

Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition.

total magnification \= ?

objective lens x ocular lens.

Objective Lenses

lenses that are found on the nosepiece of a microscope and range from low to high power.

Ocular Lense

The eye piece of the microscope that has a lens generally between the ranges of 10x to 15x magnification.

Eubacteria

Kingdom of unicellular prokaryotic bacteria, generally involved in causing sickness,. Examples include E-Coli and Salmonella (A branch of the bacteria kingdom)

Archbacteria

kingdom of unicellular prokaryotes bacteria, are known to live in more extreme and harsh conditions and therefore not coming into contact with other organisms as much (A branch of the bacteria kingdom)

Cellular Resperation Formula \= ?

6O2 + C6H12O6 \= 6CO2 + 6H2O + C10H16N5O13P3

Carlos Linnaeus

A swedish naturalist, devised a system for grouping organisms into hierarchical categories. This system is now called the Linnaeus System.

Hierarchy of classification (in order).

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Dichotomus Key

series of questions that leads to choices that leads to the scientific name of an organism. Almost like a flow chart leading allowing you to quickly determine a species or other classification form.

Anaerobic Respiration

A variation of respiration that does not require oxygen

Aerobic Respiration

A variation of respiration that requires oxygen

length of cell formula

FOV. Diameter ÷ Approx. occurrence of cells inside FOV

FOV

Field of view

1MM \= ?μm

1 MM \= 1000μm

Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

DNA (Expanded Name)

Chromosome

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and proteins found in the nucleus of most living cells; it carries genetic information in the form of genes.

Double Helix

two strands of nucleotides wound about each other; the structure of DNA.

Nucleotites

The smallest building blocks of DNA; is made of phosphate (PO4), deoxyribose and a base.

Gene

A segment of DNA ( apart of a chromosome) that codes for a specific genetic trait.

Proteins

Chains of amino acids.

Amino acids

building blocks of proteins.

mRNA

messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome.

Transcription

the organic process where a DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA

Translation

Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced

Coriolis Effect

Movement caused by the rotation of earth on its axis.

Spring Tide

The highest tide setting, it is made when the moon and sun are on opposite sides of the earth.

Neap Tide

The lowest tide setting, it is made when the moon and sun are 90° to each other.

Surface Currents

ocean currents on the surface (top 10%) that are driven by wind.

Deep Sea Currents

Currents that are caused by the differences in the density of ocean water (thermohaline circulation).

Coriolis effect

The effect of Earth's rotation on the direction of winds and currents.

Gyres

Huge circular moving current systems dominate the surfaces of the oceans.

Nucleus

contains the dna of a cell; something of a cells brain.

Mitochondria

supplies cell with energy, by preforming resperation.

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

cell membrane

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.

Lysosomes

Breaks down waste, food, etc.

cell wall

A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell

Vacuole

A sac inside a cell that acts as a storage area for fluids

Prophase

The nuclear membrane starts to break up into two identical sides

Metaphase

The chromosomes align at the equatorial plane or center of the cell

Anaphase

Spindle fibers shorten and as a result chromosomes are pulled towards the poles - sister chromatids are separated at the centromere

Telophase

Chromosomes uncoil once they have reached the poles

Chromosomes

Structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

Chromotid

One copy of a newly copied chromosome which is still joined to the other copy by a single centromere.

Sister chromatid

Two identical copies of a chromatid

Cytokinesis

The cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells

Asexual reproduction

A type of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single organism

Sexual reproduction

The production of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two individuals of different types

Gamete

A mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.

Diploid

Containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

Haploid

Having a single set of unpaired chromosomes

Meiosis

A type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores

Anaphase 1

Homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell

Prophase 1

homologous chromosomes pair up

Metaphase 1

Homologous chromosomes line up at the equator

Point of meiosis

To reproduce gamates in order to preserve a species.