Marine Science test

what class are sharks, skates, and ray a part of?

Chondrichthyes

Osteichthyes

largest class of vertebrates in the world - bony fish, 28,000 species

what type of scales do sharks have?

dentin, dermal denticles

how do sharks produce red blood cells?

spleen, epigonal organ, and Leydig’s organ

how is cartilage beneficial to sharks?

lighter, more flexible than bones, can bend bodies at sharp angles

What do sharks’ muscles connect to?

stretchy, helical, network made of collagen - muscles have greater leverage

areas of bony fish

dorsal, ventral, anterior/cranial, posterior/caudal

median/unpaired fins

dorsal, anal, caudal, and adipose fins

what are keels?

something on the tail to help with locomotion

paired fins

pectoral + pelvic fins

4 main groups of reptiles w/marine adaptations

sea turtle, sea snake, marine lizard, saltwater crocodile

class Reptilia

• dry scaly skin protects from water loss

• warm or temperate climates

• ectotherms

• lungs for breathing

• amniotic egg

• internal fertilization

• some return to land to lay eggs

• 3-chambered heart, except for crocodiles

• salt glands

• concentrated urine

what are seabirds?

birds that depend on the ocean for survival

types of feathers

• down feathers - small, fluffy feathers close to skin

• contour feathers - used for flight

• powder feathers - repel water

seabird characteristics

• light, hollow bones except for penguins

• nest in variety of habitats

• variety of feeding methods

• webbed feet

• salt glands

• concentrated urine

marine mammal characteristics

• warm blooded

• breathe air

• hair/fur

• 3 ear bones

• mammary glands

• different kinds of teeth

• 4 chambered heart

• highly developed brain

• live all over the ocean

• migrate based on seasons, feeding + breeding cycles

• thermoregulation

• blubber stores fat + energy

• vasodilation - controls body temp through blood flow

Carnivora

• seals, sea lions, walruses, polar bears, sea otters

• prominent canine teeth

• pinnipeds (large skin-covered flippers) - walruses, seals, sea lions

Sirenia

• manatees + dugongs

• herbivores

• manatees in coastal areas of tropical Atlantic Ocean

• dugongs in coastal areas of Indian + western Pacific Ocean

Cetacea

• whales, dolphins, porpoises

• stream-lined bodies + specialized skin for fast swimming

• adaptations for deep diving - use oxygen efficiently, muscles insensitive to carbon dioxide buildup, collapsible lungs

• suborder Odontoceti (toothed) - dolphins, porpoises, Orcas, sperm whales - echolocation

• suborder Mysticeti - many whales, eat low on food chain, vocalized sound

• strong tails + flukes

dolphins vs. porpoises

dolphins - teeth cone shaped, top + bottom teeth interlocked, melon shaped head w/ beak, dorsal fin, 36 species

porpoises - blunt heads, small spade-shaped teeth, smaller than dolphins