Coordination and Nervous System Vocabulary

Flashcards covering structural and functional vocabulary related to animal coordination, sensory receptors, and the nervous system from the lecture transcript.

Receptors

Also known as transducers, these structures detect changes or differences in energy and transform energy.

Olfactory receptors

Chemoreceptors located in the nose that detect smell.

Gustation receptor

Chemoreceptor located on the tongue responsible for detecting taste.

Nociceptors

Receptors that detect pain.

Ruffini ending

Thermoreceptors responsible for detecting heat.

Krause-end bulbs

Thermoreceptors responsible for detecting cold.

Meissner corpuscle

Mechanoreceptors responsible for detecting touch.

Pacinainncoepuscles

Mechanoreceptors responsible for hearing.

Markel's disc

Mechanoreceptors responsible for detecting pressure.

Exocrine glands

Glands that secrete through ducts as part of effector responses.

Endocrine glands

Ductless glands that release hormones directly into the blood for chemical coordination.

Skeletal muscles

Effectors that generate voluntary responses.

Smooth muscles

Effectors that generate involuntary responses.

Naked nerve endings

The most sensitive type of nerve ending structure.

Pain to cold density ratio

The relative receptor density ratio of pain to cold, defined as $27:1$.

Cold to heat density ratio

The relative receptor density ratio of cold to heat, defined as $10:1$.

Pain to heat density ratio

The relative receptor density ratio of pain to heat, defined as $270:1$.

Involuntary responses

Responses controlled by the nervous system that are unconsciously generated.

Voluntary response

Responses controlled by the nervous system that are consciously generated.

Reflex

A response that is generated uncontrolled and consciously observed.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Control system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

System of nerves arising from the CNS consisting of $43$ total pairs of nerves, divided into somatic and autonomic systems.

Cranial nerves

A total of $12$ pairs of nerves arising from the brain, consisting of $4$ pairs of sensory nerves, $5$ pairs of motor nerves, and $3$ pairs of mixed nerves.

Spinal nerves

A total of $31$ pairs of mixed nerves arising from the spinal cord.

Somatic nervous system

Division of the PNS involving cranial and spinal nerves that controls voluntary actions of the body.

Autonomic nervous system

Division of the PNS that controls involuntary responses, divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

Sympathetic nervous system

Sub-division of the autonomic nervous system containing only spinal nerves.

Parasympathetic nervous system

Sub-division of the autonomic nervous system containing both spinal nerves and cranial nerves.

Neuroglia

Nutritive cells that support neurons and make up 50\text{\null}\% of the CNS.

Afferent nerves

Sensory nerves that carry signals from the receptor to the control system.

Efferent nerves

Motor nerves that carry signals from the control system to the effectors.

Reflex arc

The pathway followed during a reflex action involving receptors, sensory nerves, associated neurons, motor nerves, and effectors.

Meninges

Three layered membranes (dura matter, arachnoid matter, pia matter) surrounding the brain and spinal cord to protect against infection.

Cerebro-spinal-fluid (CSF)

Fluid inside brain cavities resembling blood plasma that acts as a shock absorber for the brain and spinal cord.

Fore-brain

The largest brain division that covers the whole of the head.

Mid-brain

A reduced brain division acting as a relay between the fore-brain and hind-brain, forming the reticular formation, aiding sensory relay, and managing reflex action of eyes.

Hind-brain

Brain division containing the 4th ventricle, subdivided into cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and pons.