FAM exam 6 - cows and mini goats

Goat intestinal parasites

• MOA: GI nematodes, flukes, lungworms, barber pole worm

• CS: Weight loss, poor growth, anemia, poor hair coat, submandibular edema/ bottle jaw, diarrhea.

• ID: Fecal examination, Fecal egg count, FAMACHA

• TX: Albendazole + Levamisole, Albendazole + COWPs, Levamisole + COWPs

  • Only when CS appear

• Prevention:

  • Young: 4-6w, 8-12w of age

  • Adults: q 6-12m dewormed

  • Fecal egg counts (FEC)

  • Avoid over grazing

Goat Mange

• Psoroptic: Ear lesions, pruritic→ head shaking/rubbing, alopecia, redness, crust

  • non burrowing

• Chorioptic: leg/abdomen lesions, pruritic→ restlessness, alopecia, redness, crust

  • non burrowing

• Demodectic: facial lesions, non pruritic→ papules/nodules: gray waxy material(mites found here)

• TX: 

  • Ivermectin, moxidectin, eprinomectin 

  • Topical Dips: Coumaphos/ Toxaphene/ Lime sulfur/ Phosmet 

    • q 2x  5-7 days apart

    • secondary pyoderma: antibiotic therapy

Lice Infestation In Goats

• Lice Infestation (Pediculosis)→ sucking/chewing

• CS: Pruritus, alopecia, skin damage, anemia, loss of condition

• TX: improve BCS/housing, late summer or fall, whole herd, repeat 2× 5-7 days apart

  • Biting Type: Synthetic pyrethroids (methrin), Coumaphos, Malathionor

  • Sucking Type: Ivermectin(systemic), doramectin

Dermatophilosis

• AKA: Streptothricosis, Lumpy Wool Disease, Rain Scald, Rain Rot

• MOA: Dermatophilus congolensis, contact, biting insects, skin abrasions, moisture

• CS: Papules, pustules,"paintbrush" crusts, not pruritic, but painful

• ID: Gram stain, morphology(branching filaments), culture, histopath

• TX: Oxytetracycline, Topical iodine/ chlorhexidine, Vax, keep dry, good diet

Staphylococcal Dermatitis in Goats

• CS: Nonpruritic lesions on head and face, alopecia, papules, crusts, ulcers, erythema, exudation, hyperpigmentation, skin thickening

• ID: Culture, histopath

• TX: Pen G, Oxytetracycline, enrofloxacin, lincomycin-spectinomycin, topical iodine/ chlorhexidine

• Prevention: control flies, isolate affected

Dermatophytosis (Ringworm) in Goats

• MOA: Trichophyton verrucosum

  • Zoonotic, direct contact

• CS: Circular areas of hair loss, scaling, crusting

• ID: CS, Fungal culture

• TX: isolation, griseofulvin, Enilconazole, Lime sulfur, iodine, sodium hypochlorite (bleach), Sun exposure

Seborrhoeic Dermatitis in Goats

• MOA: unknown

• CS: Non-pruritic scaling and crusting: around the eyes, ears, nose and head, and in the axilla, groin and perineal region

• TX: antibiotics, methylprednisolone acetate, corticosteroid

Bacti Pneumonia in Goats

• MOA: Pasteurella multocida, Mannheamia haemolytica, Mycoplasma

• CS: Fever(>104), Coughing, Nasal discharge, Difficulty breathing, Weakness

• ID: Auscultation(crackling/wheezing), X-ray, tracheal wash(culture)

• TX: Antibiotics, NSAIDs, Supportive care, Vax, Ventilation

Viral Pneumonia in Goats

• MOA: Parainfluenza 3(PI3), Adenovirus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus(RSV), Caprine Herpesvirus

• CS: coughing, nasal discharge, anorexia, fever, conjunctivitis, tachypnea, tachycardia

• ID: virus isolation, serology

• TX: supportive, intranasal vax

Keratoconjunctivitis in Goats

• MOA: Chlamydophila, Mycoplasma 

  • Highly contagious 

• CS: Epiphora (tearing), redness, mucopurulent discharge, keratitis

  • Herd wide Mastitis, Polyarthritis, Pleuropneumonia

• ID: Cytology, IFA, Culture

• TX: Oxytetracycline + Polymyxin B(eye meds), NSAIDs (Flunixin/Meloxicam), eye patch

• Prevention: fly control, vax

Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE)

• MOA: Lentivirus

• CS: 

  • Kids 2-6m →1y: Progressive weakness, leukoencephalomalacia!

  • Adults: chronic arthritis carpal joints, hard bag, pneumonia

• ID: ELISA, AGID, PCR

• TX: Aspirin, Flunixin meglumine, Euth,

• Prevention: isolate @ birth, pasteurized colostrum

Paratuberculosis (Johne's Disease) in Goats

• MOA: Mycobacterium avium 

• CS: Weight loss, rough hair coat, submandibular edema, weakness, anemia

  • don’t appear until 2-4 years of age

• ID: Fecal PCR testing, necropsy, thickened intestine/large lymph nodes

• TX: none, pasteurize colostrum, test/cull

Caseous Lymphadenitis in Goats (CL)

• AKA: Cheesy Gland

• MOA: Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

  • Via Skin breaks

• CS: chronic weight loss, external abscesses

• ID: Culture, serology

• TX: Pen G, Oxytetracycline drain w/ iodine lavage, isolate, clean shearing equipment

Mycoplasma in Goats

• MOA: Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri (highly pathogenic) , M. putrefaciens(less common)

  • Lifelong intermittent shedding

  • Shed after stress

• CS: Mastitis, arthritis, pneumonia, meningitis, abortion

• ID: Culture milk/joint fluid

• TX: none

• Prevention: test/cull/replacement herd

Tetanus in Goats

• Clostridium Tetani

• MOA: Wound infection

• CS: Lockjaw, muscle spasms, especially in neck, limbs, and back, difficulty breathing, seizures, death

• ID: History of injury.

• TX: Tetanus antitoxin, antibiotics, muscle relaxants, sedatives,

• Prevention: vax

  • Poor prognosis

Mastitis in Goats

• MOA: 

  • Staphylococcus aureus(severe)/agalactiae/uberis(mild)

  • Mycoplasma(systemic)

  • Escherichia coli(severe)

  • Coagulase-negative Staphylococci(mild/chronic) 

• CS: Heat, pain, swelling, abnormal milk

• ID: Clinical signs, CMT

• TX: antibiotics, frequent stripping out, oxytocin injections, NSAIDs,

• Prevention: pre/post teat dip, clean udders/hands

Acute Rumen Acidosis in Goats

• MOA: drastic diet change, too much grain/corn

• CS: Bloat, abdominal distension, dehydration, tachycardia, tachypnea, lethargy, recumbency and death

• TX: Rumenotomy(early), transfaunation, antibiotics, vit B, IV/oral fluids

Pregnancy Toxemia in Goats

• MOA: High energy demand late in pregnancy

  • especially w/ multi kids

• CS: Depression, teeth grinding, star-gazing, incoordination, recumbency, and death

• ID: detect ketone in urine or milk

• TX: propylene glycol, vit B, calcium borogluconate, transfaunation, C-section/induction/abortion → 30-36h later

Polio in Goats

• MOA: 

  • Primary: Thiamine deficiency, sulfur toxicity

  • Secondary: Excessive grain, rumen acidosis

• CS: Stargazing, circling, head pressing, blindness, nystagmus, convulsions, death

• TX: Thiamine, probiotics, brewer’s yeast

Diarrhea in Neonatal Goats

• MOA: E. coli, Rotavirus, Cryptosporidium, Salmonella, Giardia, Nutritional 

• CS: Dehydration, liquid stools, Fever, Depression, Tenesmus

• ID: Fecal, culture, serotyping, Histopath, IFA

• TX: IV Fluids, Trimethoprim-Sulfonamide, Oxytetracycline, Metronidazole, Neomycin sulfate, NSAIDs, Probiotics, Vax

Coccidiosis in Neonatal Goats

• CS: Thin kids, diarrhea , anemia, rough hair coat, weakness, dehydration, stunted growth, death

• ID: fecal flotat

• TX: Amprolium, Decoquinate, Benzeacetonitrile (-azurill), sulfadimethoxine, sulfadimidin

Navel ill and Septic joints in Neonatal Goats

• MOA: Infection of the umbilicus.

• CS: Swollen umbilicus, swollen joints, reluctance to move, failure to gain weight.

• TX: antibiotics, joint lavage, surgical removal of the umbilicus,

• Prevention: navel dip

Contagious Ecthyma in Neonatal Goats

• AKA: Sore mouth

• MOA: Orf virus

• CS: Painful lesions around mouths/teats, anorexia

• TX: antibiotics, NSAIDs,

• Prevention: Vax (live) → only if dz is present

Septic Meningitis

• MOA: Bacti sepsis, Failure of passive transfer, umbilical infections, poor hygiene

  • (E. coli, Pasteurella spp., Salmonella spp)

• CS: Depression, fever, inappetence, Stiff neck, opisthotonos (arched back), Ataxia, tremors, seizures, Blindness, altered mentation

• ID: Culture, CSF Analysis

• TX: Antibiotics, NSAIDs, Fluids, Plasma transfusion, Vax

Dystocia in Goats

• Difficulty in delivery, requiring assistance

• MOA: Fetal malpositioning, fetal disproportion, multi fetuses, incomplete cervical dilation (ringwomb), uterine inertia, and uterine torsion.

• TX: C-sections(common), manual correction→ cervical dilation(<30%), manipulation, Oxytocin(careful with close cervix’s), NSAIDs, Antibiotics

Urolithiasis in Goats

• MOA: Goats normally have alkaline urine

  • Phosphatic calculi (struvite): grain diets

    • MOST COMMON

  • Calcium carbonate: legume diets

• More prominent if neutered b4 3m

• Common sites: Urethral process; sigmoid flexure

• CS: Straining to urinate, tail pumping, blood/crystals on preputial hairs, anorexia, lethargy, urethral rupture leading to potbelly appearance, bladder rupture 

  • ID(rupture): xray, abdominocentesis, US, creatine ratio: blood/fluid

• TX: Med management(not enough), Urethral process amputation, urethrostomy, cystostomy, bladder marsupialization(ruptured urethra), increase salt in the diet, ammonium chloride

  • Urethral process amputation, cystostomy: good kidney function, bladder/urethra is intact → good long term prognosis

Copper Toxicosis in Goats

• CS: Anorexia, depression, diarrhea, weakness, hemoglobinuria, icterus.

• ID: Serum copper concentrations, liver and kidney copper levels.

• TX: Supportive care, fluid therapy, ammonium, sodium thiosulfate

Foot Rot in Goats

• MOA: Fusobacterium necrophorum, Dichelobacter nodosus, wet enviro, overgrown hooves

• CS: Lameness, necrotic lesions in the interdigital space w/ foul odor.

• TX: penicillin, oxytetracycline, formalin/zinc sulfate foot bath, farrier work, dry enviro

Degenerative Joint Disease in Goats

• Common in geriatric goats

• CS: Stiff gait, reluctance to walk, overgrown hooves, progressive lameness 

• TX: Polysulfated glycosaminoglycan, Phenylbutazone, Aspirin, Hoof trimming, weight management

Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

• MOA: #1 congenital heart defect of ruminants

  • Herefords, Limousins, Jersey cattle

• CS: Calves: ocular anomalies, tail anomalies, resp distress, poor growth, right side murmur

  • Some VSDs can be large with significant shunting of blood (Mostly L to R)

• ID: US, necropsy

• TX: euth (grave)

Tetralogy of fallot

• MOA: Right to left shunt

• CS: cyanosis, exercise intolerance, dyspnea, Polycythemia

• MOA: euth (grave)

Neoplasia of the Bovine Heart

• MOA: lymphosarcoma involving the 1) right atrium in cows 3-4y

  • 2) abomasum, 3) uterus, 4) CNS

• CS: Tachycardia, Atrial fibrillation, murmurs, heart failure, distended jug v. ,brisket edema/bottle jaw(ventral)

  • White nodules or streaks within the myocardium

• ID: AGID, US, necropsy

• TX: euth (grave)

Cardiomyopathies

• MOA:

  • Primary: Genetic -RARE

    • Red Holstein, Ayrshire cattle

  • Secondary: toxicity- MOST COMMON

    • oleander, Monensin, lasolacid, cottonseed

• CS: CHF, brisket edema/bottle jaw

  • abnormal jugular vein

• TX: digoxin, fluids, rumenotomy (6-12hr if toxic)

  • poor-grave prognosis

Vitamin E/selenium Deficiency

• MOA: Acute muscle degen of rapidly growing calves

• CS: Resp distress, arrhythmias, sudden death, Elevated cTnI

• TX: Selenium w/ vit E injections, supplement

  • fair to good prognosis

Infectious Myocarditis

• MOA: Histophilus somnus - vasculitits

• CS: Sudden death, depression, pyrexia, foaming at mouth, dyspnea

• ID: Histopath - see colonies in tissue

• TX: Tulathromycin/ tetracyclines/ enrofloxacin (antibiotics), NSAIDs, fluids

Endocarditis

• More common the myocarditis

• MOA: tricuspid valve of Dairy Cattle than any other species

  • bacti infection

• CS: intermittent fever, tachycardia, systolic heart murmur for a long time, pounding heart sounds

• ID: Anemia(non-regen), Neutrophilia(mature), High Gb + fibrinogen, US, Bld culture

• TX: >3w of ceftiofur (antibiotics), Furosemide, NSAIDs

  • Guarded to poor prognosis

    • w/ ventral edema, right heart failure

Pericarditis

• MOA: traumatic reticulopericarditis

• CS: Jugular vein distention, tachycardia, splashing heart sound, fever, painful stance, brisket edema/bottle jaw

• ID: Withers pinch test (x3), bar test, grunt test, X-ray, US, culture

  • Pericardiocentesis: smells, high TP(>8.5) + fibrinogen(>850) + SG + WBC

    • 5-6 ICS right side

• TX: antibiotics, NSAIDs, magnets (give @ 4-8m old), SX (Rumenotomy/ Thoracotomy/ pericardiectomy) - not practical

  • Prognosis is poor

SR Pericardial Effusion (Heartwater)

• MOA: Ambyloma ticks

• CS: fever, resp distress, edema

• TX: Tetracycline - if given early

  • difficult to control

Brisket edema; Mountain Sickness; High Mountain Dx

• right ventricular hypertrophy

• MOA: only "herd" cardio dx

  • COR pulmonale (R ventricular hypertrophy), genetic, grazing Astragalus/Oxytropis (locoweed)

• CS: dyspnea, tachycardia, ventral edema, jugular pulsations

• ID: US, TTW, X-ray, measure PA pressure

  • DDX: other ‘carditis’, pneumonia

• TX: lower elevation, TX lung dx, Breed the low PA pressure bulls

Arrhythmias

• Dairy cattle

• MOA: atrial fibrillation

  • GI problems w/ high vagal tone, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, metabolic alkalosis, lymphoma

• ID: irregularly irregular rhythm, high HR, ECG

• TX: correct GI support, fluids, Ca solutions, KCl

• Most likely a 2ndary heart problem

arrhythmia associated with high electrolytes

• hypercalcemia

  • MOA: Rapid IV Ca for milk fever TX

    • careful with IV calcium - issues

  • CS: Bradycardia, Ectopic beats, Death 

  • TX: atropine

• hyperkalemia

  • MOA: Calves w/ acute diarrhea

  • CS: arrest of ventricular rhythm 

  • ID: No P waves

  • TX: bicarbonate, dextrose solutions to drive potassium intracellularly

Thrombosis and Phlebitis

• Dairy cattle

• MOA: Traumatic venipuncture by owner

  • Ca, dextrose, phynelbutazone, oxytocin, tetracycline, IV NaI

• CS: Local swelling, Fever, Abscess, Skin sloughing, Anorexia, Tachycardia, Edema

• TX: compress, inject site w/ NS, Antibiotics, NSAIDs

  • Prognosis is guarded

Anemia

• MOA:

  • Bld loss: Ruptured uterine a., SR parasites

    • shock = >30% loss

  • IV hemolysis: see hemoglobinuria, Heinz body(methemoglobinemia)

    • Onion , Allium, Brassica, lepto

  • EV hemolysis: no hemoglobinuria

    • Anaplasmosis, mycoplasmas

• CS: Fever, icrurus, weakness, polypnea, tachycardia, anxiety, MM pallor, hemorrhagic shocks

• TX: transfusion

  • no cross match: no alloantibodies ab

  • indicated PCV < 15%

  • Donor: BSC >4, dry, >1m post calving, BLV/anaplasmosis neg

    • give 12g of Na citrate in 300 mL saline, 5L of blood

  • Recipt: 5L cow; 500ml SR

Copper Toxicity

• MOA: sheep/SAC, molybdemum

• cow/goats resistant

  • copper stored in liver

    • Under stressful situations copper released into blood

      • Hepatic necrosis and intravascular hemolysis

• CS: peracute hemolytic shock, sudden death, lethargy, weakness, icteric sclera, pale MM, Hemoglobenuria, arched back from kidney pain

  • gun meatal kidney

• ID: liver Cu > 150 ppm, kidney Cu > 15 ppm

• TX: Penicillamine(orally), Vit C, Ammonium molybdate (3w)

  • prevention: correct diet, supplement (copper)

Bacillary Hemoglobinuria

• Gram +, dairy/meat cows

• MOA: Clostridium hemolyticum, liver fluke

  • intravascular

• CS: anemia, hemoglobinuria, sudden death

• ID: liver necrosis, anemic infarct in liver, discolored kidney

• TX: Antitoxin, Penicillin, transfusion, Vax, prevent flukes

Anaplasmosis

• AKA: Yellow fever

• MOA: only cattle tick dx in USA

  • anaplasma marginale, centrale, bovis, ovis

  • common in S-E/N-W states

  • extravascular hemolysis

• CS: sudden death, abortions, anemia, pale MM, anorexia, incoordination, breathlessness, rapid bounding pulse

• ID: bld smears, PCR

• TX: Oxytetracylcine, tick prevention

  • lifelong carriers

  • No vax

Mycoplasma haemolamae (Hemoplasmas)

• MOA: Unique to SACs, goats

  • Transmitted by ticks

  • Extravascular hemolysis 

• CS: Fever, anemia, depression, icterus, infertility, edema, poor growth

• TX: Oxytetracycline suppresses infection, but doesn’t eliminate it, Bld transfusion

Babesiosis,Texas cattle fever, Tick fever, piroplasmosis

• MOA: Ticks, Mexico, zoonotic

  • transmitted by the cattle fever tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus)

• CS: anorexia, depression, fever, anemia, red urine

• TX: Diminazene, imidocarb(not in the usa), NSAIDs, IV fluids, transfusion

  • notifiable

Trypanosomiasis

• MOA: Tsetse/biting flies

  • sleeping sickness - zoonotic

• CS: Fever, anemia, weight loss, lymphadenopathy

• ID: Bld smear, PCR.

• TX: Diminazene injections, vector control(prevention), genetics

Vit K Deficiency

• MOA: diet issues, microbial rumen disruption, dicumarol poisoning, rodenticides!! (warfarin, brodifacoum), moldy sweet clover

• CS: Hemorrhage, Weakness, Pallor

• ID: clotting profile w/ prolonged PT+PTT

  • loss of clotting factors (factor II, VII, IX and X, proteins C, S and Z)

• TX: Vit K1, Blood transfusion

Lameness

• Location: lateral claw, hind limb > forelimb

• DX: sole ulceration, hoof overgrowth, interdigital hyperplasia, digital dermatitis

• Scoring:

  • 1 = sound

  • 2 = uneven gait

  • 3 = obvious lameness

  • 4 = difficulty turning

  • 5 = extreme difficulty rising & non-weight bearing

Anesthesia of the Lower Limb (Bier Block)

• Tourniquet

• Lidocaine

• Adequate analgesia for 1 hour

Foot Rot (Interdigital dermatitis)

• # 1 disease in food animals

• MOA: Trauma, wet/muddy enviro, bacti

  • Fusobacterium necrophorum

  • Bacteroides melaninogenicus

• CS: Acute lameness, foul odor, swollen tissues between toes - wet seasons

  • sudden 3-5 lameness score

• TX: clean, debride, antibiotics, NSAIDs, farrier work, soaks, dry enviro, ZiSO4 under bandage

Digital Dermatitis

• AKA: Hairy heel warts, Papillomatous DD, strawberry foot, verrucous dermatitis, digital warts

• MOA: wet/muddy enviro, bacti, older heifers

  • Treponema spp.

• CS: Chronic lameness, lesions above interdigital cleft

• TX: ELDU Oxytetracycline/SA under bandage, foot bath, dry enviro, Vax

  • not curable

  • Regular foot baths

  • WASH feet

Footbath Guidelines

• Frequency: 1–5 days/week 

• Change solution after 150–200 cows pass through

• Design:

  • Pre footbath: gross contaminants

  • Bath: wide and long, 5’ of solution, in alleys

• Solutions: Formalin (pH 3), Copper sulfate, Zinc sulfate

  • Avoid Antibiotics

Acute Laminitis (Founder)

• MOA: sensitive laminae inflam

  • rumen acidosis, peripartum metabolic stress

• CS: Acute lameness, "Cross-legged" stance, chronic hoof deformities

• Prognosis: Increased risk of white line, ulcers, abscesses, false sole

White Line Disease

• MOA: Separation of the sole + hoof wall

  • sequelae of laminitis

• CS: Acute lameness of outer claw (hindlimb) or medial claw (forelimb)

• TX: hoof trim, debride, oxytetracycline, bandage, wooden block on healthy claw, NSAIDs, dry enviro

Sole Ulcer (Pododermatitis Circumscripta)

• MOA: Subclinical laminitis and rumen acidosis

• CS: lamness, leasion of lateral hind claws

• TX: remove sole, CuSO4 under bandage, hoof block on sound leg

Interdigital Fibroma

• MOA: Hypertrophy of interdigital space skin

  • (dairy) late lactation, Herford bulls

• CS: Chronic skin irritation, lameness

• TX: SX, wire stabilization

Hoof cracks

• Vertical (Sand Cracks)

  • CS: crack originating @ hairline

  • TX: trim, suture with wires, apply acrylic, apply wooden block

• Horizontal (Thimbles)

  • MOA: disruption of hoof growth

    • Laminitis, Rumen acidosis, dry enviro

  • CS: crack parallel to coronary band, severe lameness

  • TX: trim, remove affected horn

Corkscrew Claw

• MOA: older cows, heritable

• CS: twist of lateral claws of hind leg

• TX: cull, frequent trims

  • No Cure

Pickup Bumper Syndrome

• MOA: Gastrocnemius m. rupture 

  • trama

• CS: severe lameness, swelling

  • Swelling in the affected area, "dropped hock“

• TX: rest, bandage, splint, NSAIDs

  • Poor prognosis

Blackleg (Clostridium chauvoei)

• MOA: ingested bacti

• CS: sudden death in healthy animals, acute severe lameness, crepitant muscle swellings

  ID: gas-filled swellings, dark muscles/emphysema

• TX: vax

Malignant Edema (Clostridium septicum)

• MOA: Wounds from castration, docking, parturition, shearing, fighting

• CS: Depression, fever, anorexia, sudden death, edematous, dark, cold swellings

• TX: high-dose antibiotics, NSAIDs, IV fluids, wound debridement, vax, wound hygiene

Contracted Tendons

• MOA: young

• TX: splint, tenotomy of SDFT, DDFT and suspensory lig.

  • Good prognosis

Arthrogryposis and Acorn Calves

• MOA: Genetic (Charolais), toxins (lupines @ 40-70d), intrauterine infection

• CS: dystocia, severe contracted tendons

• TX: cull

Spider Lamb Syndrome

• AKA: Corkscrew lambs, Monkey lambs, Crooked lambs, Bent lambs

• MOA: Hereditary chondrodysplasia in sheep

  • Suffolk, Suffolk crossbred, Hampshire

• CS: Kyphosis, Scoliosis, Angular limb deformities

• TX: Cull

Myotonia Congenita in Goats

• MOA: genetic mutation of Cl channels

  • Tennessee fainting goat <6w

• CS: stiff/fall w/ stimulation, not painful, remains conscious,

• ID: EMG, genetic testing

Capture Myopathy

• MOA: Stress-induced muscle damage

• CS: Muscle stiffness, weakness, tachypnea, tachycardia, hyperthermia, sudden death

• TX: IV fluids, NSAIDs, calm handling

Tarsal Cellulitis (Hygroma)

• MOA: Repeated trauma or pressure on bony prominences

  • Welfare indicator in housed livestock

• CS: Firm, fluid-filled swelling over lateral hock, not painful

• TX: clean enviro, drain abscess, bedding

Osteoarthritis (DJD)

• MOA: Progressive joint degeneration

• CS: Lameness, stiffness, joint swelling

• ID: xray

• TX: NSAIDs, PT, glucosamine, chondroitin, SX, avoid overcrowding

Osteochondrosis

• MOA: defective endochondral ossification in rapidly growing males

• CS: Lameness, peri-articular swelling

• ID: ‘cyst’ like lesion on X-ray

• TX: NSAIDs, arthroscopy, arthrotomy

Stifle Injuries in Cattle

• MOA: Trauma

• CS: upper hind-limb lameness, stifle joint effusion, pain, crepitus, patellar luxation

• TX: confinement + prolonged NSAIDs, good footing

  • Guarded to poor prognosis

Septic Arthritis

• Neonates

  • MOA: <1m old, FPT

  • CS: Hot, painful, swollen joints, Fever, depression

  • ID: Arthrocentesis, Xray

  • TX: Antibiotics, NSAIDs, joint lavage, Colostrum, hygiene, naval dip

    • Good prognosis unless FPT

• Adult

  • MOA: trauma, sepsis, hematogenous 

  • CS: Lameness, joint swelling, pain, heat, fever, lethargy

  • ID: Arthrocentesis, Xray

  • TX: Antibiotics, NSAIDs, joint lavage,

    • Prognosis is Guarded 

Joint Lavage

• Use: septic arthritis

• Steps: 1L of Sterile balanced polyionic solution pushed into joint space, through and through method

Sepsis of the Distal Interphalangeal Joint (DIP)

• MOA: Untreated/advanced foot rot/sole ulcer/white line/punctures

• CS: Severe non-weight-bearing lameness

• ID: Arthrocentesis, Xray

• TX: euth, antibiotics, NSAIDs, SX

  • Joint arthrodesis: Aggressive ($$) tx for valuable/young

    • drill + lavage w/ wooden block on healthy foot

  • Digit amputation: Salvage tx for older/invaluable

    • immediate pain relief but breakdown over time

    • P3, PIP, DIP, sperate P1+P2

Fractures

• Tx: good ortho patients!

  • Dynamic Compression Plating: Humerus, femur, tibia

    • not for heavy animals

  • Intramedullary Pinning: Humerus, femur, tibia

    • watch for implant migration, not for heavy animals

  • Transfixation Pin-Cast: comminuted/unstable fractures, proximal limb fractures

    • good for heavy animals

  • Thomas Splint-Cast: distal to the elbow or stifle

  • Short-limb Cast: distal to the carpus and tarsal joints

    • easy, cheap, common

  • Full limb cast: distal physis of the radius or distal physis of the tibia

  • Splint: distal to the carpus and tarsal joints, pediatrics, simple breaks

    • easy, cheap, common

• Complications: Osteomyelitis, delayed healing, sequestration, lameness, compartment syndrome

Nose Ring

• Why: control bulls

• Use: self-piercing, non-rusting metal ring

• Steps: 9 - 12m old, local analgesia, through the nasal septum about one inch from the tip of the nose

Dehorning/Disbudding cows

• Why: safety for cattle and staff, reduce carcuss bruising

• When: Perform as early as possible

  • Buds not attached to the skull <2m of age

• How:

  • Caustic chemicals: <1w of age

    • Paste: NaOH, KOH, or CaOH

    • Injectable: CaCl

  • Hot iron: <2m of age

    • Butane-powered, rechargeable, or corded for 5–10 sec

  • Barnes dehorner: 3m-1y

    • Remove 1–1.5 cm skin at base, control bld, remove bone frag

  • Keystone dehorner: adult

  • Horn tipping: adult

    • Removes distal 1/3 of horn w/ saw

  • Meds: w/ local block (Cornual or ring), NSAIDs.

Dehorning/Disbudding goats

• Why: safety

• When: Perform as early as possible

• How:

  • Hot iron: <2w of age

  • Meds: NSAIDs, tetanus antitoxin, ring/cornual block

• Complications: Thermal meningitis, Scurs and ingrown horns

Descenting Goats

• Sedation: Gen anesthesia

• Tool: cautery

Keratoconjuctivitis (pink eye)

• MOA: summer, flies

  • SR: Chlamydophila pecorum (#1), Mycoplasma

  • Cow: Moraxella bovis, Mycoplasma

    • Herefords + young @ risk

• CS: Epiphora, hyperemia, mucopurulent discharge, keratitis, mastitis, polyarthritis, pleuropneumonia 

• ID: cytology, IFA, culture

• TX: Topical antibiotics, systemic oxytetracycline, NSAIDs, eye patch, Subconjunctival penicillin, vax

Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)

• MOA: Locally invasive tumor of limbus, third eyelid, upper/lower eyelid margins

  • sunlight, age, no pigment, Herefords, Simmentals, Holstein-Friesians

• TX: cryosurgery, eyelid wedge resection, third eyelid resection, enucleation (Lg), culling (invasive)

  • high recurrence

Enucleation

• Why: Panophthalmitis, Intra-ocular neoplasia, Severe infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis, Trauma of globe

• Restraint: Standing or recumbent

• Analgesia: xylazine, locals

• Postop: Systemic antibiotics, NSAIDs, remove sutures

• Complications: Incomplete removal of neoplastic tissue, hemorrhage, abscess formation

Papillomatosis (Fibropapillomas, “Warts”)

• MOA: BPV (#1), benign, self-limiting

  • 6-24m old, associated with skin trama

• CS: cauliflower-like, flat, gray, rough, crusty on the head, neck, brisket, teats, eyelids

• TX: Spontaneous, Sx, cauterized, crush, vax

Dermatophytosis (Ringworm)

• AKA: Club lamb fungus

• MOA: Trichophyton verrucosum

  • zoonotic, contact, winter

• TX: iodine solution, chlorine bleach, sunlight

Dermatophilosis (Rain rot; Rain Scald)

• AKA: Streptothricosis, Lumpy wool

• MOA: Dermatophilus congolensis, actinomycete

  • Moist enviro, zoonotic

• CS: matted tufts of hair

• ID: smear, diff-quick, railroad tracks or tramcar line 

• TX: antibiotics, lime sulfur, keep dry

Urticaria and Angioedema

• MOA: Type 1 hypersensitivity rxn

  • bites, vax, milk allergy

• CS: rapid hives, skin wheals, lg edema plaques

• ID: rxn to tx

• TX: Antihistamines, NSAIDs

Photosensitization

• MOA:

  • Primary: photodynamic agent is directly ingested, injected

    • Hypericin (St. John’s wort), Fagopyrin (buckwheat)

  • Congenital: abnormal pigment synthesis

    • Bovine erythropoietic protoporphyria and bovine erythropoietic porphyria

  • Secondary (#1): impaired hepatic excretion of phylloerythrin

    • pyrrolizidine alkaloids, Blue-green algae

• Cs: erythema, edema, crusting, and necrosis of non-pigmented, hairless skin

• ID: high SDH, GGT, ALP, bilirubin

• TX: Remove from pasture, shade, NSAIDs, corticosteroids

  • poor prognosis

Lice

• CS: pruritus, restlessness, and excessive licking, anemia

• TX: Organochlorine, organophosphurus, pyrethroid, Coumaphos, Diazinon and permethrin, Ivermectin (sucking lice but not biting)

Ticks

• MOA: Cattle fever tick (babesia-reportable), Dermacentor (anaplasmosis)

• CS: Inflam, itching, and swelling, disease, anemia, death, secondary infections

Mange

• MOA: colder months, housed animals with close contact

  • Psoroptes ovis: Eradicated in sheep, found in cattle,highly pruritic

  • Psoroptes cuniculi: SA Ear mite

  • Scabies: Burrowing mite, severe pruritus

  • *Chorioptes bovis: "tail mange," "foot mange," "red mange“, #1 cause of cattle mange

  • *Demodex: non-pruritic, cigar-shaped mites

• CS: skin irritation, hide damage, reduced weight gain

• ID: deep skin scrape

• TX: macrocyclic lactones, topical hot lime sulfur

Obligatory or Primary Myiasis

• MOA: Cochliomyia hominivorax, the New World screwworm

  • must live on living tissue for life cycle

• TX: lindane, ronnel, nitenpyram

  • Reportable disease

Facultative or Cutaneous Myiasis (Flystrike, Blow fly strike or Maggots)

• MOA: fly stike, contaminated wounds, sheep

  • tail docking, sx

• CS: begin feeding on the sheep's skin and flesh, causing irritation, tissue damage, secondary bacti infections

• TX: Shear, ivermectin, organophosphates, wound care, Crutching

Hypodermiasis (Warbles, Grubs)

• MOA:

  • H. lineatum: migrate to caudal esophagus submucosa

  • H. bovis: migrate to epidural fat of thoracolumbar vertebrae

• CS: bloat, paralysis, salivation, anaphylaxis

• TX: ivermectin, moxidectin, OP

  • July and Oct

  • watch for anaphalaxis

Sheep ked

• MOA: direct contact, fall/winter, long wool

  • zoonotic

• CS: Loss of condition, anemia, irritation, biting,  rubbing, damaged skin and poor fleece quality

• ID: wingless flies

• TX: ivermectin, moxidectin, OP