Chapter 1 Human Growth and development

what are some factors that influence normal devleopment?

Disability

-intellectual disabilities

Abuse

-sexual,physical,emotional

Culture

-beliefs,values, and traditions

Theres always the debate between nature v nuture: what are some biological factors and what are some enviromental factors?

Biological

-genetics, physical appearance

Enviromental

-experince,exposure

What are the 4 major domains of human development? (physical)

Physical

cognitive

personality

sociocultural

What are some of the physical domains?

Changes in physical shape and size

change in brain structure

sensory capabilities and motor skills

(fine vs gross skill)

What are some cognitive domains?

Thinking,perceiving,reasoning and problem solving

How we develop and use language

What are some personality domain?

getting personality traits and sense of self

how traits develop and change over the course of development

how self esteem and self worth are determined and shaped

what are some sociocultural domains?

Socialization and enculturation

enculturation- how we absorb and observe info in our culture and surrounding without being formally taught

Ex: learning how to eat

• collectivist cultures: they like to eat together and share foods

• individualist cultures: like to eat separate

There are 5 major developmental theories: Biological/ evoluntionary who was the person that came up w the concept of evolution what are other biological theories ?

Evolution = Charles Darwin (finches and beaks)

Biological

• human genome

• developmental neuroscience

There are 5 major developmental theories: Psychodynamic who were the 2 theorist and give a brief description of what they believed in?

Psychosexual: Sigmud Freud (mainly childhood)

• oral : The mouth ( sucking, swallowing) = EGO DEVELOPS

• anal : the anus (withholding or pooping)

• phillic : the penis or clitoris (masturbation) = SUPEREGO DEVELOPS

• latent : little or no sexual motivation presentation

• genital : Puberty (sex)

Psychosocial: Erik Erikson (Neo -Freudian / similar but less focus on sexual more on social)

People face 8 stages of internal conflicts through all stages of life

• trust v mistrust (birth to 1)

• autonomy vs shame (2 to 3)

• initiative v inferiority (6 to 11)

• identity vs role confusion (12 to 18)

• intimacy vs isolation (young adulthood)

• generativity vs stagnation (middle adulthood)

• integrity vs despair (older adulthood)

There are 5 major developmental theories: Behavioral who were the 3 theorist and what were their theories?

Classic Conditioning- Ivan Pavlov

• learning though conditioning

Ex: dog hears bell, dog gets food, when dog hears a bell he’s always gonna thinks he’s gonna get food

( John B Watson was the one who tortured the baby to test out emotional responces)

Operant conditioning - BF Skinner

• reward / punishment system

Social learning theory- Albert Bandura

• people learn behaviors, attitudes, and emotional responses through observation and imitation

ex: a parent yelling at a kid, kid is gonna be afraid of parent

There are 5 major developmental theories: Cognitive and sociocognitive Who were the 2 cognitive and 1 sociocognitive theorist and what did they theorize?

Cognitive (Adaptation) - Jean Piaget

• people learn through assimilation and Accommodation

• Assimilation – fitting new information into what you already know. ( kid sees dog and can name breed)

• Accommodation – changing your existing knowledge or creating new ideas when something doesn’t fit.

Adaptation models

• how we change to be more success in our environment

Piaget’s stages of Cognitive development

• Sensorimotor = birth to 18 months or 2 (knowing by sensing/ acting)

• Preoperational = 2 to 7 (concept formation, symbolic reasoning)

• Concrete operations ( 7 to 11) = logical operations on concrete objects and events

• formal operations ( 12 +) = Abstract,anaologies,metaphors/ reasoning

Social cognitive- Albert Bandura

• Bandura believed we learn by watching others, thinking about what we see, and believing in our own ability to act.

Socio-cognitive theory = Lev Vygotsky

• that children’s thinking develops through social interaction with more knowledgeable others (like parents, teachers, or peers).

• Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): the gap between what a child can do alone and what they can do with help.

• Scaffolding: the support given by others to help the child learn, which is slowly removed as they become more independent.

There are 5 major developmental theories: System view: multiple systems who was the 1 theorist and what did they theorise?

Bio-ecological = Urie Banfenbrenner

• how a person’s development is shaped by different layers of their environment, all interacting with each other

• Microsystem – immediate surroundings (family, school, friends).

• Mesosystem – connections between microsystems (e.g., parent–teacher relationship).

• Exosystem – outside influences that affect a person indirectly (parent’s job, community services).

• Macrosystem – larger cultural values, laws, and traditions.

• Chronosystem – changes over time (life transitions, historical events

When it comes to Self-actualization: what was the theorist and what did he theorize?

Abraham Maslow - hierarchy of needs is the highest level of human motivation.

individual has unique needs

• change over time

• first for levels are basic needs (person doesn’t feel accomplished even when needs are met)

• the lasts are growth needs

Self actualization is ultimate goal

• beauty, truth, justice, peace

Model is hierarch

Progress toward this goal is in young adulthood