exam 4: chapter 14 brain and cranial nerves

what are the 2 cerebral hemispheres and what are they covered in?

right and left, neural cortex

elevated ridges in the cerebrum are __

gyri

depressions in the cerebrum are __

sulci

bigger sulci in the cerebrum are __

fissures

what do longitudinal fissure do?

separate the left and right hemispheres

__ __ are axons that connect neurons to the hemisphere at the base of a fissure

corpus callosum

the __ sulcus divides the frontal lobes from the parietal lobes

central

the __ sulcus divides the frontal lobes from temporal lobes

lateral

the __ sulcus divides the parietal lobes from occipital lobes

pareito-occipital

__ Is located at the base of the __ sulcus beneath frontal and temporal lobes

insula, lateral

the right and left hemispheres of the cerebellum are connected by the __

vermis

the cerebellum is covered in a __ __

cerebellar cortex

the cerebellum has __ instead of gyri

folia

in the cerebellum, each hemisphere is divided into _  and __ by the __ __

anterior, posterior, primary fissure

the __ links the cerebral hemispheres to the brain stem

diencephalon

the __ in the diencephalon is a processing center for sensory information

thalamus

the __ in the diencephalon controls emotions, hormone production and autonomic functions

hypothalamus

what are the 3 parts of the diencephalon?

thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus

the __ __ connects to the spinal cord

brain stem

what are the 3 parts of the brain stem?

mesencephalon, pons, medulla oblongata

__ relay sensory information to the cerebellum and thalamus

pons

the __ __ regulates visceral functions

medulla oblongata

the __ processes visual and auditory data, maintains consciousness, and generates reflexes

mesencephalon

what do ventricles circulate?

CSF

__ ventricles are in each cerebral hemisphere

lateral

the __ ventricle is in the diencephalon

third

the __ ventricle is in between the pons and cerebellum and connects to the central canal of the spinal cord

fourth

__ bones form the skull

cranial

what are the 8 bones of the skull (6 names)

occipital, frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, parietal, temporal

what holds the brain in place and prevents contact with the skull?

cranial meninges

__ __ forms folds deep into fissures

dura matter

what dural fold is in-between the cerebral hemispheres in the longitudinal fissure?

falx cerebri

what dural fold is in-between the cerebrum and cerebellum?

tentorium cerebelli

what dural fold is in between the cerebellar hemispheres?

falx cerebelli

what are the 2 parts of arachnoid?

arachnoid membrane and trabeculae

arachnoid trabeculae spans the __ __ that contains CSF

subarachnoid space

Pia matter adheres to the brain via __

astrocytes

__ __ follows the topology of gyri and sulci

pia matter

what are the 3 functions of cerebrospinal fluid?

cushions and supports the brain, diffusion

cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the __ __

choroid plexus

what are the 2 things that make up the choroid plexus?

ependymal cells and capillaries

CSF is reabsorbed at __ __

arachnoid granulations

what is the condition that occurs in infants where CSF doesn’t reabsorb and it expands the cranium, crushing the brain?

hydrocephalus

the blood brain barrier has capillaries of CNS that are __ __

less permeable

the __ __ has endothelial cells linked by tight junctions

blood-brain barrier

__ cover capillary surfaces in the blood-brain barrier

astrocytes

what can break down the blood-brain barrier?

inflammation

__ is the loss pf balance due to distribution in the cerebellum

ataxia

the __ __ is located between the cerebrum and diencephalon

limbic system

the __ in the limbic system initiates a fear response and links emotions with memory

amygdala

the __ in the limbic system is responsible for memory and learning

hippocampus

the __ __ in the limbic system expresses emotions with gestures and resolves mental conflicts

cingulate gyrus

what area is the general interpretive area that gives meaning to auditory or visual cues? (center left hemisphere)

wernicks

what area is the speech center that coordinates motor control for speech? (left hemisphere superior to lateral sulcus)

brocas

what area predicts, estimates, and relates emotions? (anterior frontal lobes)

prefrontal cortex

what hemisphere carries out language math and logic?

left

what hemisphere interprets sensory info, generates emotions, and has spatial visualization?

right

what happens is the corpus callosum is cut?

hemispheres work independently

what is abnormal electrical activity in the brain causing loss of normal function called?

epileptic seizures

what is it called when the brain fails to develop above the mesencephalon (fatal)

anencephaly

what do you call the loss of blood supply to the brain that results in neuron death? (2 names)

CVA, stroke

__ __ is ascending and descending tracts that link the brain to spinal cord

white matter

__ __ has sensory and motor nuclei of cranial nerves VIII-XII (8-12)

gray matter

gray matter motor nuclei are in what 3 locations?

pharynx, neck, viscera

where are gray matter sensory nuclei?

inner ear

__ nuclei control visceral activities

autonomic

__ __ adjust heart rate and strength of contraction

cardiac centers

__ __ adjust flow of blood through tissues

vasomotor centers

__ __ centers set the pace of respiration

respiratory rhythmicity

nucleus __ and nucleus __ transmits somatic sensory (skin, proprioception) info to thalamus (filter and relay center)

gracilis, cuneatus

__ nuclei transmits sensory info about muscle stretch and joints and info about somatic
motor commands from cerebral motor centers to cerebellum

olivary

a __ nucleus integrates and relays visceral sensory info to autonomic centers in medulla and other brain areas

solitary

__ Connects the cerebellum to the rest of the brain, and connects higher and lower brain center

pons

the white matter of the pons has __ tracts that serve as a conduction pathway for sensory info to the medulla then to the thalamus

ascending

the white matter of the pons has __ tracts that serve as a conduction pathway for motor info from the cerebrum or cerebellum to the cranial or spinal nerve

descending

gray mater in the pons serves as a relay center for info to and from the __

cerebellum

the gray matter of the pons has _ and _ nuclei of cranial nerves 5-7 and innervate the jaw, face and mouth

sensory, motor

_ and _ centers have nuclei to control rate and depth of respiration

apneustic, pneumotaxic

the __ processes visual and auditory input, generates somatic motor reflexes, maintains consciousness

mesencephalon

white matter of the mesencephalon has __ __  that provide conduction between higher and lower brain centers

cerebral peduncles

white matter of the mesencephalon has __ tracts that act as conduction pathways for voluntary somatic motor info to cerebellum (via pons) and spinal cord

descending

white matter of the mesencephalon has __ tracts that act as a conduction pathway for sensory info to the thalamus

ascending

__ __ integrate visual info and initiate reflex responses to visual stimuli

superior colliculi

__ __ integrate auditory info and initiate reflex responses to auditory stimuli

inferior colliculi

__ __ and _ _ house subconscious somatic motor centers to affect upper limb position and control background muscle tone

red nuclei, substantia nigra

__ formation contains Reticular Activating System (RAS) headquarters to trigger alertness and attentiveness to maintain __

reticular, concsciousness

gray matter in the mesencephalon houses __ nuclei for cranial nerves III and IV (3-4)
for eye movements

motor

at the base of the longitudinal fissure is the _ _ which contains axons that pass between the two cerebral hemispheres.

corpus callosum

the central sulcus is the division line between the frontal lobe and the _ lobe

parietal

The _ is the fifth cerebral lobe which is located at the base of the lateral sulcus.

insula

the left and right hemispheres of the cerebellum are connected by a ridge of material called the _

vermis

The three regions of the _ are the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus.

diencephalon

The _ _ which contains CSF, is located between the pons and cerebellum and connects to the central canal of the spinal cord.

fourth ventricle

the _ _ is a fold of dura mater that is located in the longitudinal fissure to prevent lateral movements of the brain.

falx cerebri

the _ _ is the innermost cranial meninge that is shrink-wrapped to the surface of the brain and held in place by astrocytes.

pia matter

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the _ _.

choroid plexus

the _ _ describes the fact that capillaries of the CNS are less permeable than capilaries elsewhere in the body and the movement of most substances to and from the blood is controlled by astrocytes.

blood brain barrier

The part of the brain that is connected to the spinal cord is the _ _

medulla oblongata

What kind of information does the solitary nucleus integrate and relay?

visceral sensory

In what part of the brainstem are the apneustic and pneumotaxic centers located?

pons