APHG Unit 6 & 7 Gradesavers

urbanization

Process of developing towns and cities

suburbanization

Growth of cities outside an urban area

urban sprawl

Expansion of cities and urban areas into rural or undeveloped land.

urban decentralization

Tendency of people or businesses to locate outside the central city.

edge city

Urban area with large suburban residential an business area surrounding.

exurb

Prosperous residential districts beyond the suburbs

boomburb

Rapidly growing communities , with a total population of over 100,000 and is not the largest city.

megacities

Population of more than 10 million people

Metacities

Rapid growth of cities in the 21th century with a population over 20 million people

megalopolis

A chain of connected cities

world city

an urban center that is a major player in the global economy and is connected to a network of other global cities through economic, cultural, and political linkages.

urban hierarchy

Ranking based on influence or population size

rank-size rule

If all cities in a country are placed in order, from the largest to the smallest, each one will have a population half the size of the preceding city

primate city

Largest city in an urban system is mor than twice as large as the next largest city. (largest is the primate city)

gravity model

Larger and closer places will have more interactions that places that are smaller and farther.

Christaller's central place theory

Idea that settlements only existed to function as “central places” to provide services for surrounding area.

Central Business District

Large amount of businesses in the concentric zone model.

Burgess concentric-zone model

Describes a city as a series of rings that surrounds a central business district.

Hoyt sector model

Use sectors/wedges which develop transportation routes and is used for low, medium, and high income houses.

Harris and Ullman multiple nuclei model

Developed around multiple focal points/nodes and build outwards to create a functional region

Galactic city model

Represents a city with growth independent of the CBD that is connected to central city by means of a interstate.

Latin American city model

cities have a central business district, one dominant elite residential sector and commercial spine.

Southeast Asian city model

Feature height class residential zones that stem from the center, middle class in inner-cities, low income in periphery areas.

African city model

Diagram of urban area in sub-saharan Africa that contains pre-colonial, euro-colonial, and post colonial elements.

periférico

Shows poverty, lack of infrastructure, and areas of poorly built housing

Infilling

Where open space presents economic opportunity for landowners to build small multi-family housing units and place more people.

Urban planning

Considers individuals' perceptions and feelings within urban environments to ensure cities provide a comfortable and enjoyable living environment.

filtering

Process of subdivision of opuses and occupancy by waves or lower-income.

Infrastructure

Basic structure of services, installations, facilities needed to support industrial, agricultural, and other development.

municipality

A city or town that has corporate status and local government

mixed land use

Cities that blend a use of residential, commercial or industrial uses.

urban walkability

extent to which built environment is friendly to the presence of people, living, shopping, or visiting in an area.

transportation-oriented development

locates mixed use residential and business communities near mass transit stops which results in more compact communities, decreasing need for automobiles

smart-growth policies

policies that prevent demanding effects of suburban sprawl and urban fragmentation.

sustainable design initiatives

Communities use smart growth and green building to create neighborhoods that are economically thriving and environmentally responsible

sustainable design zoning

design intended to minimize negative environmental impacts and reduce consumption of non renewable resources.

Greenbelts

Areas of undeveloped land around urban area

New Urbanism

Seeks to encourage local community development and sustainable growth in an urban area.

slow-growth cities

Adopt policies to slow spread of urban areas and place limits on building permits to encourage denser, more compact city.

de facto segregation

People are segregated into separate areas by fact rather than by law or policy

housing discrimination

Illegal practice of denying an individual or group the right to buy/rent a home based on race, color, religion, gender or status.

redlining

Process by which banks refuse loans to those wanting to purchase and improve properties in certain urban areas.

blockbusting

People of an ethnic group sold their homes upon learning that another member of an ethnic group moved in.

housing affordability

Housing units that are affordable by that section of society.

environmental injustice

Disproportionate exposure of minorities and poor pollution and its impacts, plus unequal protection of their rights under law.

disamenity zone

Poorest parts of cities that are not connected to city services and are controlled by gangs and drugs.

zone of abandonment

Areas of city deserted by the owners for economic or environmental reasons.

squatter settlement

Buildings to provide housing shelter for the poor in a city.

land tenure

legal protection of contracts to show ownership of land/structures.

inclusionary zoning

offer incentives for developers to set aside a % of housing for low-income renters or buyers

urban renewal

Allowed governments to clear slums and usually displaces residents to low income government housing complexes, and built new development projects.

gentrification

Process of converting urban inner city from low income, renter occupied area to a wealthier, owner-occupied area.

urban sustainability

Ability of a urban area to meet needs of the present w/o compromising ability of future generations to meet their own needs. 

ecological footprint

Impact of human activity on environment

Suburban sprawl

Rapid spread of development outward from inner city

Urban canyons

Streets lined w/ tall busidings, creating an environment similar to a canyon.

Urban heat island

Area of city warmer than surrounding area.

Brownfields

Property with the presence / potential to be hazardous or pollutant.

Urban redevelopment

Renovating a site within city by removing existing landscape and rebuilding from ground up.

Industrial Revolution

Period of rapid development of industry that started in Great Britain.

Industrialization

Process of economic and social change that transforms a human group from a pre-industrial society into an industrial one.

Deindustrialization

loss of industrial activity in one region, usually because of relocation to developing countries with cheaper labor and low economic standards.

Cottage industry

Production of goods in a home or small workshop, typically by hand or with low technology.

Rust Belt

geographic region stretching from NY through the Midwest that was once dominated by the coal industry, steel production, and manufacturing.

Primary sector

economy concerned w/ extraction of materials, generally through agriculture, sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry.

Secondary sector

economy concerned w/ manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, + assembling raw materials.

Tertiary sector

considered to be the service sector which involves provision of intangible goods + services.

Quaternary sector

industry based on human knowledge involving tech, information, research, + development.

Quinary sector

includes important organization structures and non profit public services.

Break-of bulk point

procedure of transfer in which a location is able to transfer from one mode of transport to another.

Least cost theory

describes + predicts the location of manufacturing industries based on transport costs, labor cost, + the benefit of the mass.

Multiplier effect

potential of a job to produce additional jobs

Bulk-gaining industries

industry in which final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs.

Bulk-reducing industries

make products that weigh less after assembly than before assembly

Core

national/global regions where economic power, in terms of wealth, innovation, + advanced tech is concentrated.

Semi-periphery

newly industrialized countries wI median standards of living; offer diverse economic opportunities but also have gaps between the poor and rich

Periphery

incorporate lower levels of education, salaries, + tech -> less wealth

Gross domestic product

total value of goods + services produced within the borders of country during a specific time.

Gross national product

total value of goods + services inciuding some income received from abroad, produced by the residents of a country.

Gross national income per capita

(GDP) measure of total value of goods and services produced in a country, divided by the country's population.

Formal sector

legal economy that is taxed and monitored by a government and is included in a government's gross national product.

Informal sector

portion of economy outside government control in which employees work without contracts or benefits.

GINI coefficient

measure of statistical dispersion intented to represent income distribution

Gender inequality index (GIl)

indicator constructed by U.N to measure extent of each country's gender inequality. (reproductive health + labor market)

Human Development index HDI)

measures average life expectancy, amount of education, + per capita income

Income distribution

how income is divided among different groups/individuals.

Fertility rate

\# of children born alive to women of that age in a given region.

Infant mortality rate

measures now many babies, die before their 1st bday

Access to health care

ability to obtain services such as prevention, diagnosis, treatment. + management of diseases.

Glass ceiling

barrier to career advancement, usually in reference to women/minorities.

NGO

organization not part of the local or state or federal government.

Microloans

small loans provided to individuals or small businesses.

Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth

include 5 stages; traditional society, preconditions for takeoff, take-off, drive to maturity, + Age of high mass consumption.

Wallerstein’s World System Theory

world is one interconnected collection of nations + states + due to European colonialism, it's dominated by economic centers

Dependency Theory

political + economic relationships between countries + regions control and limit economic development possibilities of poorer areas.

Barter

form of trade in which good/service is traded for another good/service, as agreed upon by the people doing the trading.

Comparative advantage

ability of country/firm/individual to produce a good/ service at lower oppurtunity cost than other producers.

Complementarity

potential relationship between two places, usually referring to economic interactions.

Neoliberal policies

economic policies that promote free market principles.

World Trade organization (WTO)

international organization that regulates international trade