electromagnetic radiation to end

How did James Clerk Maxwell describe light in 1873?

He proposed that light consists of electromagnetic waves.

What are the two components of an electromagnetic wave?

An electric field and a magnetic field.

What are the three primary characteristics of electromagnetic waves?

Wavelength, frequency, and speed.

How is wavelength denoted in scientific notation?

Wavelength is denoted by the Greek letter lambda (λ).

What is the equation that relates wave speed, wavelength, and frequency?

c = vλ, where c is speed, v is frequency, and λ is wavelength.

What is the speed of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum?

3 × 10^8 m/s, known as the speed of light.

What type of wave spectrum does electromagnetic radiation cover?

The electromagnetic spectrum.

What is the frequency of a wave expressed in terms of units?

Cycles per second, also called hertz (Hz).

According to Max Planck, how does energy exist?

Energy exists in discrete quantities called quanta.

What is Planck’s constant value?

6.63 × 10^-34 J.s.

What is the photoelectric effect?

A phenomenon where electrons are ejected from a metal surface upon exposure to light of sufficient frequency.

What is the equation for the energy of a single quantum of light?

E = hν, where E is energy, h is Planck’s constant, and ν is frequency.

What happens to electrons when they are subjected to light of frequency less than the threshold frequency?

Electrons cannot be ejected from the surface of the metal.

What does Eo represent in the context of electrons being ejected from metals?

The minimum energy required to remove an electron from a metal's surface.

What did Albert Einstein’s theory on the photoelectric effect propose about electromagnetic radiation?

It suggested that EMR is quantized and consists of photons.

What is the significance of Einstein's equation E = mc^2?

It shows that energy has mass.

What is the main feature of atomic spectra?

The emission of light when electrons transition between energy levels.

What do atomic spectra consist of when viewed through a prism?

A series of individual lines rather than a continuous spectrum.

What is Bohr's first postulate about electrons in an atom?

Electrons travel around the nucleus in circular orbits.

What are quantum numbers used for in atomic theory?

To describe the energy levels and positions of electrons in atoms.

What is the principal quantum number (n)?

It describes the main energy level or shell an electron occupies.

What does the angular momentum quantum number (ℓ) determine?

The shape of the atomic orbitals.

According to Bohr, what happens to an electron when it absorbs energy?

It moves to a higher energy orbit.

What is Hund’s Rule?

Equal energy orbitals are each occupied by a single electron before any of them receives a second electron.

What are representative elements in the periodic table?

Elements grouped according to their outer-shell electron configurations.

Why are transition metals unique in the periodic table?

Their electron configurations involve d orbitals.

What is the periodic law in the context of the periodic table?

Certain sets of physical and chemical properties repeat at regular intervals when elements are arranged by increasing atomic number.

How does atomic size change across a period?

Atomic size generally decreases from left to right across a period.

What is the relationship between electron configurations and the periodic table?

Electron configurations determine the placement of elements in the periodic table.