nutrition, obesity, and metabolic syndrome

Fruits - 20% of plate

Vegetables - 30% of plate

Grains - 30% (½ should be whole grains)

Protein - 20% (lean meats, beans, eggs, tofu)

Dairy - low-fat or fat-free on the side

best distribution on a plate for a healthy meal!

Dairy, fortified juice, broccoli, kale, sardines

main sources of calcium

Nuts, legumes, whole grains, leafy greens

main sources of magnesium

Weakness, arrhythmias, hypokalemia

symptoms of hypomagnesium

Meat, shellfish, legumes, nuts

main sources of zinc

Poor wound healing, loss of taste/smell

symptoms of low zinc

duodenum (requires acidic environment)

site of iron absorption

duodenum and jejunum

-vitamin D dependent

site of calcium absorption

small intestine (mainly ileum )

site of magnesium absorption

jejunum

site of zinc and folate absorption

ileum

site of fat soluble vitamin absorption

jejunum (rapidly absorbed)

site of water soluble vitamin absorption

Iron, folate, calcium, fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)

nutrient deficiency associated with celiac disease

Villous atrophy of small intestine → malabsorption

mechanism of malabsorption in celiac disease

Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)

-due to pancreatic insufficiency--> fat malabsorption

impacted nutrients in cystic fibrosis

B12, bile salts, fat-soluble vitamins

=-due to terminal ileum damage decreasing absorption

nutrient deficiencies associated with crohn's disease/ileal resection

vitamin B12

-due to autoimmune loss of intrinsic factor

nutrient deficiency of pernicious anemia

iron, B12

nutrient deficiency associated with PPI use

all nutrients

-reduced absorptive surface area

nutrient deficiency associated with short bowel syndrome

protein, zinc, vitamin C

nutrient deficiency associated with burns, trauma, infection, surgery

thiamine, niacin (due to increased metabolic rate)

nutrient deficiency associated with fever/hyperthyroidism

Water-soluble vitamins (esp. B-complex, C) (lost during dialysis)

nutrient deficiency associated with CKD

potassium, magnesium

main nutrient deficiencies associated with diuretics (loop, thiazide)

Thiamine, magnesium, folate

nutrient deficiencies associated with alcohol use

Calcium, potassium, vitamin D

-due to altered renal excretion and bone metabolism

nutrient deficiencies associated with corticosteroid therapy

protein, zinc

thin, brittle hair is indicative of what nutrient deficiency

vitamin C, zinc

scaling, petechiae, poor wound healing is indicative of what nutrient deficiency

Bitot's spots

Foamy plaques of the cornea that are a sign of vitamin A deficiency

B vitamins

glossitis, cheilosis is indicative of what deficiency?

B1, B6, B12

neuropathy may indicate deficiencies in

at least 3 of the following

-abdominal obesity

-TGs >150

-HDL

diagnostic criteria of metabolic syndrome

25.0-29.9

overweight BMI

30.0-34.9

obesity class I BMI

35.0-39.9

obesity class II BMI

≥ 40 (morbid obesity)

obesity class III BMI

5-10% weight loss→ significant improvement in BP, A1c, and lipid profile.

recommended initial weight loss

3.5-5

reflects long term nutrition status

normal albumin and what it reflects

15-35

reflects Short-term nutritional changes

↓ in acute malnutrition or inflammation

normal prealbumin and what in reflects

transferrin

marker of iron transport protein

-low in protein malnutrition

↑ calories by ~300 kcal/day; ↑ folate (600 µg/day), iron, calcium, vitamin D

key nutritional needs in pregnancy

↑ calories by ~500 kcal/day; ↑ fluids, protein, calcium

key nutritional needs in lactation

Fruits, vegetables, whole grains, olive oil, fish

key features of a mediterranean diet

mediterranean diet

diet best for cardioprotective

Low Na, ↑ fruits/vegetables, low-fat dairy

main features of DASH diet

Risk of ketoacidosis, ↑ LDL

-contraindicated in CKD, pregnancy

risks and contraindications of keto diet

↓ LDL, ↑ fiber

benefits of a vegetarian/vegan diet

B12, iron, calcium, omega-3 deficiency

cons of vegan/vegetarian diet

Unnecessary for most, may ↓ fiber intake

cons of gluten-free diet

Lean meats, fruits, nuts; excludes grains/dairy

main components of paleo diet

↓ calcium, ↑ sat fat

CI: Kidney disease, osteoporosis risk

risks and contraindications to paleo diet