Chapter 24: Lymphatic System, Chapter 23: Vessels and Ciculation, Chapter 22: Heart, Chapter 21: Blood, Chapter 20: Endocrine System, Chapter 28: Reproductive System, Chapter 27: Urinary System
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544 Terms
What is defined as interstitial fluid in the lymphatic system?
lymph
What is the composition of lymph?
blood plasma (minus clotting factors)
What is the clinical significance of lymph?
will accumulate without system (edema)
Name the 3 functions of the lymphatic system.
1. Drain excess instertitial fluid
2. Dietary lipids
3. Immune function
What do lymph vessels do?
return excess fluid to the blood
What feature of the lymph vessels is characterized by thin walls and backflow valves?
Low pressure system
What makes the lymph vessels a low pressure system?
Backflow valves and thin walls
What type of lymph vessels are close-ended?
lymph capillaries
Which type of lymph vessels are among capillary beds?
lymph capillaries
Which type of lymph vessels are one-way entrance valves?
lymph capillaries
Which type of lymph vessels have endothelium only?
lymph capillaries
What are the special lymph capillaries in the small intestine called?
lacteal
What substances are transported by lacteals in the small intestine?
- dietary lipids
- lipid-soluble vitamins
Which kind of lymph vessels have three tunics, one-way valves, attach to nodes, and lymph passes through multiple nodes?
lymphatic vessels
Name the two lymph ducts.
right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct
Which lymph duct is located at the right clavicle?
right lymphatic duct
Which lymph duct drains the right upper limb, upper right thorax, and right head?
right lymphatic duct
Which lymph duct is the largest?
thoracic duct
Which lymph duct has cisterna chyli?
thoracic duct
Which lymph duct is anterior to the vertebrae?
thoracic duct
Which lymph duct empties into the left subclavian and left internal jugular?
thoracic duct
Which lymphatic structure is defined as clusters of lymphatic cells?
lymphatic nodules
What is the function of lymphatic nodules?
immune function
Which lymphatic structure has no connective tissue?
lymphatic nodules
Which lymphatic structure is characterized by MALT (mucosa associate lymphatic tissue)?
lymphatic nodules
Which feature of lymphatic nodules is defined as the mucosa of digestive, respiratory, genital, and urinary tracts?
MALT
What is the function of MALT in lymphatic nodules?
confront pathogens
Where are peyer's patches involved in MALT of lymphatic nodules located?
ilium
Which lymphatic structure functions to trap material?
tonsils
Where are the tonsils located?
palatine (2)
lingual (2)
pharyngeal (adenoid) (1)
Which lymphatic structure has a lymphocyte id?
tonsils
Which lymphatic structure is defined as clusters of lymphatic cells bound by capsule?
lymph nodes
What is the size of lymph nodes?
1-25 mm
Which lymphatic structure functions to filter antigens from lymph and initiate immune response?
lymph nodes
How do lymph nodes filter antigens from lymph and initiate an immune response?
produce B-lymphocytes
What is a symptom of the lymph nodes initiating an immune response?
they may become swollen and tender
Which cluster of lymph nodes is found at the breast, axilla, and upper limb?
axillary
Which cluster of lymph nodes is found at the head and neck?
cervical
Which cluster of lymph nodes is found at the lower limb and pelvis?
inguinal
Which lymphatic structure is bound by capsule?
lymph nodes
Which lymphatic structure is divided into internal compartments of trabeculae?
lymph nodes
Which structure of lymph nodes are the core of proliferating B-lymphocytes?
nodules of lymphatic cells
Which lymphatic structure has afferent lymphatic vessels and efferent lymphatic vessels?
lymph nodes
Which lymphatic structure is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, behind ribs 9-11, has a convex lateral shape, and hilum?
spleen
Which lymphatic structure functions as an immune response, blood and erythrocyte reservoir (which are released during activity), destroy bacteria and foreign debris, and destroy old erythrocytes and platelets?
spleen
Which structure involved in the anatomy of the spleen is made of dense irregular connective tissue?
capsule
Which structure involved in the anatomy of the spleen functions to partition tissue?
trabeculae
Which artery and vein supply blood to the spleen?
splenic artery and splenic vein
Which structure involved in the anatomy of the spleen is located around the central artery?
White pulp
Which structure involved in the anatomy of the spleen is made of lymphatic cells?
White pulp
Which structure involved in the anatomy of the spleen functions as immune function?
White pulp
Which structure involved in the anatomy of the spleen is located between arteries and venous drainage?
Red pulp
Which structure involved in the anatomy of the spleen has splenic sinusoids and macrophages?
Red pulp
Which structure involved in the anatomy of the spleen has hemolytic and blood storage functions?
Red pulp
Which structure involved in the anatomy of the spleen is made of reticular tissue?
Red pulp
How can the spleen be damaged?
severe injury to ribs 9-11; puncture wounds
What else can cause the spleen to rupture other than trauma to the ribs?
increased abdominal pressure
What are the symptoms of a ruptured spleen?
severe hemorrhage and shock
What is the main complication associated with a ruptured spleen?
repair is very difficult
What treatment is required to keep the patient from bleeding out after their spleen has ruptured?
splenectomy
Is the loss of the spleen life-threatening?
no
What happens to the function of the spleen after a splenectomy?
function is taken over by other reticular organs (liver, bone marrow, lymph nodes)
What is a lasting side effect of the splenectomy treatment?
greater incidence of bacterial infection
Why would vessels be shorter with a larger diameter?
to maximize flow and minimize resistance
Why would vessels be smaller in diameter?
to maximize diffusion
What is the space inside blood vessels called?
lumen
What are the layers of blood vessels called?
tunic
How many tunics do blood vessels have?
up to three
Name the innermost tunica
tunica intima
Name the middle tunica
tunica media
Name the outermost tunica
tunica externa
Which tunica is made of smooth muscle cells?
tunica media
2 multiple choice options
Which tunica has a concentric orientation?
tunica media
2 multiple choice options
Which tunica functions to do vasoconstriction/dilation?
tunica media
2 multiple choice options
Which tunica is made of connective tissue?
tunica externa
2 multiple choice options
Which tunica has vasa vasorum?
tunica externa
2 multiple choice options
What are the blood vessels called that supply the tunica media and tunica externa?
vasa vasorum
Which type of arteries are located near the heart?
elastic arteries
Which type of arteries are 1-2.5 cm in diameter?
elastic arteries
Which artery functions as a pressure reservoir to do high pressure?
elastic ateries
Which artery is characterized by having elastic fibers in all tunics?
elastic arteries
Which tunica have elastic fibers?
all tunics
Which arteries are medium-sized at 1cm-3mm?
muscular arteries
Which arteries are characterized by a thicker tunica media?
muscular arteries
What type of artery are most named vessels?
muscular arteries
Which type of artery is defined as thin muscle?
arterioles
Which type of artery controls the flow to capillaries?
arterioles
How long and big are capillaries?
1mm (short!); 8-10 microns in diameter
Erythrocytes travel in single file through which vessels?
capillaries
Which vessels are composed of only tunica intima?
capillaries
Group of capillaries together
capillary beds
Which vessels function to return blood to the heart?
veins
What is the flow type of veins?
Low pressure system
Which vessels have thin walls and a thin tunica media?
veins
Which vessels will collapse without blood?
veins
What occurs when backflow valves fail?
varicose veins
Which type of vessels rely on skeletal muscle pumps and are blood reservoirs?
veins
Which type of vessels have more anastomoses (merging and branching pathways)?
veins
Rhythmic throbbing of arterial wall
pulse
_____ ____ are a measure of heart rate, coarse blood pressure, and absence of flow to a region.
pulse points