nerve impulse/synaptic transmission

neuroglia cells

surround and wrap neurons

neurons

proccess info/ transmit electrical signals

main neuroglia

astrocytes

microglial

ependymal

oligodendrocytes

astrocytes

brace neurons

control chemical environment around neuron

constricting blood vessels in brain

microglial cells

migrate toward injured neurons

ependymal

in fluid filled cavity

have cillia to help fluid move

form permeable for CSF

oligodendrocytes

form myelinated sheaths

satellite cells

surround cell bodies in PNS

function similar to astrocytes but in the PNS

schwann cells

similar to oligodendrocytes in function but in the PNS

resting membrane potential

Na+ higher outside the cell

K+ higher concentration inside the cell

pumps maintain this differences in concentratiion

chemically gated channel

receptors allow the channel to open

voltage gated ion channel

resting membrane poyential

-70

action potential steps

resting state

depolarization

NA gates open

repolarization

Na gates close

voltage gates channels open (K+ leaves cell)

hyperpolarization

some K chennels still open

Na channels reset

all or nothing phenomenon

chemical synapse

axon terminal

synaptic vesicles - filled with neurotransmitters

receptor regions

synaptic cleft

steps of chemical synapse

neurotransmitter termination

EPSP

IPSP

ionotropic receptors

rapid transmission

sensitive to molecules and sometimes membrane potential

mediate significant membrane currents

selective for specific ions

metabolic receptors

binds with amines and peptides

structor: single polypeptide with 7 transmembrane alpha helix domains

g-protein coupled receptors

slow and prolonged response

neurotransmitter binds to g protein receptor and activates second messenger

acetylcholine (ACh)

neuromuscular junction

biogenic amines

catecholamines, Indolamines

emotions

amino acids

peptides

substance P: pain

Edorphins:

glutamatergic receptors

three types:

AMPA

NMDA

kainate

GABAergic receptors

glycine is resonsible for non-GABAregic inhibitory trasnmission

GABA’s bind ethanol, benzodiazepine, barbiturate

summation by postsynaptic neurons

one EPSP connot induce AP

temporal/spatial

comparing potentials

amplitude

stimulus for opening ion channel

positive feedback cycle

repolarization

types of circuits

diverging

converging

reverberating

parallel after-discharge

stimulus types

mechanoreceptors- touch/ stretch

thermoreceptors- temperature

photoreceptors- light

chemoreceptors- chemicals (smell/taste)

nociceptors- pain

location of receptors

exteroceptors - stimuli ouside body

interoceptors - internal

proprioceptors - stretch in muscles/tendons/joints

receptor structure

simple receptors - modified dendritic endings - monitor general information

special sense receptors - vision/hearing/balance - sense organs

simple receptors

nonencapsulated nerve endings - temp/pain/touch -

capsulated - in skin mehanoreceptors (light touch/vibration/continuos pressure) - in muscles (muscle/tendon/joint stretch/position)

picture pg 12

picture pg 13/14

pg 16

three levels of perception

receptor

cuircuit

perceptual

efferent/afferent

somatic afferent - muscle to brain

somatic efferent - brain to muscle

visceral afferent - organ to brain

visceral efferent - brain to organ

12 cranial nerves functions/if damaged

olfactory

optic

oculomotor- multiple nuclei

trochlear

trigeminal

abducens

facial

vestibulocochlear

glossopharyngeal

vagus

accessory

hyoglossal

spinal nerves

C1-C8

T1-T12

S1-S5

C0

what is the ganglion

lecture 3 picture pg 3

spinocerebellar pathways

dorsal column medial lemniscal pathways

spinothalamic

picture pg 6

corticospinal tract

corticobulbular tract

descending motor pathways

pyrimedal pathways - concious movements

extrapyrimedal pathways - muscle memory movements

5 elements of reflex arc

autonomic

visceral sensations

parasympathetic (slower/lower) / sympathetic (faster/higher)

slow/speed heart rate

slow/speed breathing

divert blood toward/away from digestive tract

sympathetic - originate from spinal chord (T2-L2)

parasympathetic - originate in brain or sacral area (Oculomotor/facial/glossopharyngeal/vagus)

location of ganglia parasympathetic (terminal ganglia)

oculormotor = cilliary ganglion (behind eye)

facial and glossopharyngeal = close to the target organ organ

vagus = in the walls of the target organ organ

S2-S4 = close to target organ

location of ganglion sympathetic

sympathetic trunk

in spine

dorsal root = sensory information

ventral = motor/sympathetic information

sympathetic trunk ganglia

collateral ganglia

temperature regulation

skin blood vessel dialation

sweat gland activation

renin form kidneys

increase blood pressure

metabolic effects

raises blood glucose

mobilize fats as feul

eyes

parasympathetic = crying/constrict pupil/contract lens

sympathetic = dialate pupils/inhibit lens constriction

adrenal medullae

cardiovascular system

resperatory system

digestive system

metabolism

urinary system

reproductive system

lecture 3 pg 33

parasymathetic neurotrasmitter

ACh at ganglion and ACh onto organ

sympathetic neurotransmitter

ACh at ganglion (or adrenal medulla) and NE to organ

3 muscarinic/metabotropic

M1 - increase in brain

M2 - decrease in heart

M3 - increase in lungs/eyes

2 nicotinic/ionotopic

N1 - increase in muscle

N2 - increase in ganglion

lecture 4 pg 38 suummary

pathways i need to know:

lung

heart

iris

gi tract

the eye

iris/pupil

conjunctiva- bulbar/palpebrsal/sac

lacrimal apparatus- produce and secrete tears

layers - fibrous/vascular/inner

ciliary muscle retracts = looking at something close - not working = farsightedness/hyperopia

the retina

pigment layer- absorbs light and prevents scattering

rods - dim light - black and white - more abundant

cones - green/red/blue - better resolution

bipolar cells

ganglion cells- optic nerve

phototransduction

rhodopsin in rods/cones

opsins hold retinal

vitamin A is used to turn trans-retinal back into cis-retinal

1. light make cis-retinal (bent) into trans-retinal (straight)

2. releases transducin (G protein)

3. activates PDE

4. cGME into GME lowers cGME levels

5. cGME channel closes causing hyperpolarization

in the dark no hyperpolarization causes the release of IPSP onto the bipolar cells causing no signal to the brain

visual pathway to the brain

myopia

cant see far away

hyperopia

cant see close

olefactory

primary olefactory neuron is the sensory neuron

one molecule activates multiple receptors

anosmias