Patho week one slides

etiology

the cause of a disease

what is the etiology of food poising

bacteria/toxins/contaminated food

etiologic agents

the specific thing that is causing the abnormality

etiologic agents example

the specific bateria name, infection, trauma

bacterial infection is ____ as Streptococcus pyogenes is _____

1. etiology

2. etiologic agents

in response to an etiological agent cells might…

1. develop adaptive changes (good changes compensating)

2. develop maladaptive changes (bad reaction)

what are 2 ways that cells adapt and change

atrophy and hypertrophy

atrophy

cells shrink become smaller be decreased demand

paralysis causing shrinkage of skeletal muscle is a example of

atrophy

hypertrophy

cells get bigger, like when your working out

physiological hypertrophy

normal healthy increase in cell size

pathological hypertrophy

abnormal increase in cell size because of things like disease

muscle hypertrophy is….

good, when muscle grows

muscle atrophy…

when muscle shrinks bc its not being used

heart hypertrophy in athlete

is normal as heart is working harder so it gets bigger

heart hypertrophy when pressure is beyond aorta means…

increased pressure in arteries so left ventricle has to push harder making the cardiac cells get bigger, happens with hypertension (high blood pressure)

ways cells change/adapt

hyperplasia and metaplasia

hyperplasia

increased in number of cells, excess skin cells and scar tissue cells

hyperplasia example

keloid scar

hyperplasia can also happen…..

inside the body

metaplasia

replacement of one cell type with another, genetic reprogramming to ensure cell survival

metaplasia example

GERD - esophageal cells transform from squamous epithelium to columnar stomach like cells to try and adapt when the acid goes back up into the esophagus these cells are going to produce acid

Dysplasia

cells turn abnormal, cells change, deranged cellular growth, can lead to cancer

how do we see if we have dysplasia/cervical cancer

in a PAP smear

cervical dysplasia can come from..

HPV causing genital warts

HPV is the leading cause of….

cervical cancer

neoplasia

new cell growth that are new to the body

benign neoplasia

new cell growth not cancer

malignant neoplasia

new cell growth thats cancerous

apoptosis

helpful for the body, programmed cell death, controlled, organized way of getting rid of cells that are old, damaged, or no longer needed.

what happens when apoptosis goes bad

causes problems like cancer and tissue damage

normal apoptosis in the:

ovary

lack of apoptosis is in the….

prostate gland as men age instead of it shrinking it increases in size and causes problems like hard to pee

Complex multifactorial inheritance

a disease or trait is caused by a combination of multiple genes AND environmental/lifestyle factors. not caused by just one gene.

having good enviormental and lifestyle factors can…

minimize chances of having same diseases as parents ex: eating healthy —> no diabetes

bad environmental factors that are toxic are things like

smoking, drugs, alch, pollution, radiation, bad chemicals in factories

oncogene

a gene that can cause cells to grow and divide too much, potentially leading to cancer

oncoproteins

The proteins produced by oncogenes that encourage abnormal cell growth and division. Uncontrolled proliferation (cells multiplying and increasing in number)

tumor supressor genes

inhibit and limit fast growth of cells (proliferation)

p53 tumor suppressor gene stops…

mitosis and uncontrolled cell growth

mitosis

the process where one cell divides to make two identical cells

bening neoplasia is…

not cancerous but can cause problems like a pituitary neoplasia that causes headaches and seizures, you would still need brain surgery and radiation for it

malignant neoplasia can causes

increased likelihood of metastasis

metastasis

when cancer cells spread from the original tumor to another part of the body and begin growing there

defects in protein synthesis

can lead to cell death, without proteins cells die, happens in starvation

intracellular accumulations

excessive substance and deposits build up inside a cell and disrupt its function

intracellular accumulations example

fatty liver, liver can accumulate fat and when enough adipose enters liver it prohibits function so liver toxins not filltered

genetic damage

injury to cells DNA resulting in mutations and change in function, can come from things like radiation

endothelial injury

damage to the inner lining of a blood vessel.

paraneoplastic syndrome

symptoms caused indirectly by cancer, rather than by the tumor physically growing or spreading.

two types of cancer cells

1. metastasis

2. tumor angiogenesis

metastasis

cancer cells move outside of original place breast cancer spreads to lung cancer

tumor angiogenesis

when a tumor causes new blood vessels to grow toward/into it

cancer cells…

use normal cells nutrtion and circulation, dont have lifespan, damaging, take nutrients leaving person look like they are in state of starvation

familial hypercholesterolemia

inherited genetic disorder that causes very high LDL (“bad”) cholesterol from birth, need to medicate children early, life long issue

what is the normal range for LDL and total cholesterol

less than 200, but in person with familial hypercholestrolemia their amounts is around 500 - 1000

familial adenomatous polyposis

inherited genetic disorder that causes hundreds to thousands of polyps to develop in the colon and rectum, can become cancerous

cystic fibrosis

an inherited genetic disorder that causes the body to produce abnormally thick, sticky mucus, especially affecting the lungs and digestive system

cystic fibrosis and pancrease causes…

GI problems bc insufficient production of pancreatic enzymes

cystic fibrosis and pulmonary system

thick mucus blocks airways in bronchi, O2 and CO2 exchange is disminished, person will have hypoxia