Anatomical Foundations Exam #1

The spaces in spongy bone marrow are filled with:

Red marrow

Which of the following bones are NOT part of the axial skeleton?

Femur

Atlas

C1 bone; allows one to nod

Axis

C2 bone; allows rotation of the neck

The skull is divided into two main parts:

Cranium (protects the brain), Facial bones (form the face)

Coracoid Process of the Scapula

Muscle attachment site.

FSH: FEMALE

Stimulates egg development.

Progesterone

Maintains uterine lining during pregnancy.

Zygote Formation

Fertilized egg begins cell division.

How many bones are in the human body?

206

The skull is divided into which two main parts?

Cranium and Facial bones

The vertebral column consists of how many bones?

26

The large opening at the base of the skull where the spinal cord passes through is called the:

Foramen magnum

The longest and strongest bone in the human body is the:

Femur

What is the process by which bone forms from cartilage during development?

Ossification

The hyoid bone is unique because it:

Does not articulate with any other bone

The small bones found in the middle ear are called:

Auditory Ossicles

Which of the following is an example of a sesamoid bone?

Patella

What type of bone cell is responsible for breaking down bone tissue?

Osteoclast

The outer dense layer of bone is called:

Compact bone

What type of bone forms the walls of the diaphysis in long bones?

Compact bone

Which type of joint allows for the most movement?

Synovial joint

The function of red bone marrow is primarily to:

Produce blood cells

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?

Hormone production

The diaphysis of a long bone is:

The shaft

Which part of the skeletal system includes the arms, legs, and pelvic girdle?

Appendicular skeleton

The zygomatic bones are commonly referred to as the:

Cheekbones

This section of the spine is inferior to the thoracic vertebrae

Lumbar

Septum

wall or partition that divides or separates a body space or cavity

Platine bones

Two small bones which help form the posterior part of the roof of the mouth

Prominent tubercle on the posterior surface of the occipital bone

External Occipital Proturberance

Mandibular Fossa

the depression in the temporal bone into which the condyle of the mandible fits

Frontal bone

this bone forms the forehead area, the front, the top of the cranium, and the upper part of the eye sockets

External Auditory Meatus

The lateral, opening of the ear or auditory canal

Alveolar Process

The portion of the mandible into which teeth are embedded

Number of ribs

24

Sphenoid

The bat-shaped bone which helps make up the floor of the cranium, back of the eye sockets, and part of the temple area

Sella Turcica

depression in the center of the superior portion of the sphenoid, holds the pituitary gland

Hyoid

Horseshoe-shaped bone located in the cervical region, just above the voice box

Vertebrae in the thoracic area of the spinal column

12

Vertebrae in the lumbar area of the spinal column

5

Vertebrae in the cervical area of the spinal column

7

breast bone

The sternum is also known as the _____ bone

Pairs of true ribs

7

Appendicular

126 bones, includes upper extremities, pectoral girdle, lower extremities and pelvic girdle

Sinus

Air cavity in a bone

Axial

80 bones, includes skull, thorax and spine

Nasal bones

Two small bones forming the bridge of the nose.

10

Total number of false ribs

Zygomatic Process

A projection of the temporal bone, which extends forward, anterior to the hearing canal, to unite with the cheekbone.

Cribiform Plate

The flat superior surface of the ethmoid bone; involved in making up the floor of the cranial cavity.

Osteoblasts

Build bone tissue

Osteocytes

mature/trapped bone cells

Mandible

Only moveable bone in the skull

Manubrium

upper portion of the sternum

Xyphoid Process

inferior portion of the sternum

The humerus articulates with the scapula at the _______ to form the shoulder joint

Glenoid Cavity

Radius

lateral bone of the forearm

Ulna

Medial bone of the forearm

The wrist contains how many carpals in each hand?

8

How many metacarpals in each hand?

5 per hand

How many phalanges in each hand?

14

Pelvic Girdle

Os Coxa (hip bones)

Os Coxa is made up of what 3 fused bones?

Ilium (upper portion)

Ischium (posterior, suppots body weight while sitting)

Pubis (anterior portion, near the pubic region)

Acetabulum

Depression where the Femur bone fits to form the hip joint.

Tibia

The shin bone, the larger of the two bones of the lower leg.

How many tarsals in each ankle?

7 (includes Calcaneus)

Calcaneus

Heel bone

Bursae

Fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction in joints

Synovial fluid

Provides lubrication and friction reduction in synovial joints

Tendons

Connect muscle to bone

Ligaments

Connect bone to bone and stabilize joints

Synathrosis

Immovable joints (skull sutures)

Amohiarthosis

Slightly moveable joints (pubic symphysis)

Diarthrosis (Synovial Joints)

Freely moveable joints (hip, knee, elbow)

Periosteum

Touch outer membrane covering bones

Epiphysis

Ends of the long bone

Medullary Cavity

contain bone marrow

Crest

Prominent ridge on a bone

Clavicle

Lateral end articulates with the scapula, Medial end articulates with the manubrium.

Acromion Process of the Scapula

Articulates with the clavicle

Sutural bones

Small bones sometimes found in the cranium

Integumentary System

Skin, Hair and Nails

Epidermis

the outer primary layer of skin made of epithelial tissue.

The epidermis contains __________, a pigment that determines skin color

melanin

Dermis

The internal primary layer of the skin; primarily connective tissue

Contains blood vessels, nerve endings, and sweat glands.

Dermis

Hypodermis

The subcutaneous layer that insulates and cushions the body.

Skin functions:

1. Acts as a barrier to protect against infections, injury, and dehydration.

2. Helps maintain a stable internal body temperature through sweating and blood vessel dilation/constriction.

3. Contains sensory receptors for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.

4. Excretes waste products such as urea and salts through sweat.

5. Synthesizes vitamin D from sunlight exposure.

Hair

An outgrowth from the epidermis (hair follicle).

Nails

Specialized structures made of epidermal cells

Sebaceous Glands

Produce sebum to keep hair and skin soft

Sebum

oil

Ceruminous Glands

Found in the ear canal; produce cerumen (earwax).

Cerumen

Earwax

The sudoriferous glands (sweat glands)

secrete sweat, and are found on most body surfaces. They open onto the surface of the skin through tiny openings called pores.

Melanocytes

Cells responsible for pigmentation of the skin

Lymphatics

Returns excess interstitial fluid to the bloodstream.

Lymphocytes

Houses white blood cells that help fight infections.

Lacteal

Absorbs dietary fats through specialized lymphatic vessels in the intestines