ALL WHAP VOCAB!!

Filial Piety

Attitude of respect for elders in a society influenced by Confucian thoughts, maintained bureaucracy

Scholar Gentry

Educated upper classes in China, civil service exam

Neo-Confucianism

Revival of old Confucian teachings, Daoism and Buddhism, unity for country

Heian Japan

Large estates growing, moving away from Chinese culture

Champa rice

Quick growing rice that can allow for 2 harvests in one growing season, overpopulation, China prospered economically

Imperial Bureaucracy

a vast organization in which the appointed officials carried out the emperor’s policies, system of management

Meritocracy

government by people selected on the basic of their skill, opposite is nepotism (advantage with relatives/friends in a field)

Syncretic

combination of different forms of beliefs and practices, e.g. Neo Confucianism

Dar-al-Islam

Islam religious conceptualism of the world belonging as to either Muslim or non Muslim territory, Islam everywhere, house of peace

Mamluks

enslaved Turkic military who was part of the Abbasid Caliphate army but then took over

Seljuk Turks

Sunni Muslim nomadic turks who ruled Abbasid unofficially (slowly took over politically) and conquered Baghdad

Abbasid Caliphate

Muslim empire, 2nd of the two, ethnically Arab, in power during golden age of Islam

Sufis

Muslim mystics who desired a personal union with God (Allah)

House of Wisdom

worldwide library, intellectual center, and public academy established in Baghdad, preserved ancient philosophical works

Nasir al-Din al-Tusl

Persian/islamic astronomer and mathematician, wrote over 100 books, joined the mongols,

Delhi Sultanate

South Asian kingdom established by Muhammad’s successors to spread Islam in India, Urdu language (Persian and Arabic)

Khmer Empire

power Hindu-Buddhist empire in SE Asia centered about hydraulic cities, strong trade lines, construction (ANGKOR WAT)

Ummayad Dynasty

1st of the two hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs that extended from Spain to India, trade Chinese and SE products into Europe

Bhakti Movement

a culture of devotion who sought to bring religious reforms to all strata of society, focused on developing a strong attachment to a particular deity

Feudalism

a social system in Europe where greater lords provided protection to lesser lords in return for military service

Manorial System

A system of organization where serfs and peasants worked the land owned by the lord for protection

Crusades

A serious if European military campaigns in the Middle East to reconsider Jerusalem (holy land) from Muslim rule

Junk Ship

A very large flat-bottom sailing ship produced in the Tang, Song, and Ming Dynasties, specifically designed for long-distance commercial travel

Pax Mongolica

the period of approximately 150 years of relative peace & stability created by the Mongol Empire, allowed for safe trade and travel along the Silk Road

Caravanserai

inns spread 100 mi apart to provide resting stops for animals and travelers and sometimes trade for fresh animals along trade routes

Flying Money

System of credit which allowed a merchant to deposit paper money under his name in one location & withdraw the same amount of another; exchanged at banking houses; started during Tang Dynasty, reduced robbery danger

Bill of Exchange

A document stating that the holder was legally promised payment of a set amount on a set date- & receive that amount of money in exchange; used in banking houses established in European cities in 1300s

Golden Horde

Mongol Khanate founded by Genghis Khan’s grandsons, Batu; based in South Russia and quickly adapted both the Turkic language & Islam

Genghis Khan

Mongol leader Temujin; Mongol warrior and military commander who will become the supreme ruler of the Mongol tribe

Yuan Dynasty

Chinese dynasty from 1279-1368 CE established by Kublai Khan (Mongol leader); Silk Road became safer for travelers because it was monitored by controls (Pax Mongolica)

Monsoon Winds

alternating wind currents that blew eastward across the Indian Ocean in the summer and westward during the winter; these carried ships on the Indian Ocean between India & Africa

Astrolabe

an instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets; allowed sailors to determine how north or south they were from the equator

Diasporic communities

Settlements of people away from their homeland; in these communities, cultural traditions were spread/shared into others

Swahili city states

East African city-states that emerged in the 8th century from a blending of Bantu, Islamic, and other Indian Ocean trade elements

Zheng He

A Chinese (born into Muslim family) admiral, explorer, diplomat, and bureaucrat during the Ming Dynasry

Voyages: before the European began exploring the world, the Chinese launched a series of sea voyages. Zheng He traveled west and made it all the way to the eastern coast of Africa. Many chinese officials complained these trips were a waste of time and money so Zheng was forced to stop in 1433.

Mongol Khanates

A political division within the Mongol Empire, each region ruled by a Mongol Khan, emerged after the death of Genghis Khan

Camel Saddles

Made caravan trade profitable, traveled along the trans-Saharan caravan trade route, specifically designed seats or harnesses used for riding camels

Caravans

Group of traveling merchants and animals, crossed the Sahara desert

Mansa Musa

Subdiata’s grand nephew, ruler of the Mali empire in West Africa from 1312-1337. He controlled territories rich in gold and copper (richest man in the history of the world), however he is better known for his religious leadership (Islam) than political or economic policy; from Mali to Mecca, pilgrimage displayed Mali’s wealth

Swahili

blended Bantu and Arabic language spoke in coastal regions of East Africa

Bubonic Plague

plague that struck Europe in the 14th century; significantly reduced Europe’s population, affected social structure

Marco Polo

Venetian merchant and traveler; his account of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands & stimulated interest in Asian trade

Ibn Battuta

Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits in Islamic lands from China to Spain as well as western Sudan.

Theocracy

Rule by religious leaders (Aztecs & Incans)

Mit’a system

In the incan empire, the requirement that all able-bodied subjects work for the state a certain # of days each year; mandatory public service

Carpa Nan

Extensive network of roads & bridges/roadway system that was 25k miles constructed by the Inca Empire; used mainly by military and government

Manchu

conquered China in 17th century, founded Qing Dynasty, Northeast Asian

Gunpowder empires

Asian & Muslim empires (Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals, Qing dynasty), middle Eastern, used gunpowder to maintain dominance

Shah

ancient Persian term for king; resurfaced in Safavid empire

Suleiman I

“The Magnificent”, his armies conquered Hungary, reconstructed the legal system to Kanun, built up Constantinople or Istanbul, reached Ottoman’s peak

Akbar

greatest Mughal ruler, created Sikhism, under his rule the more flourished and was rich

Divine Right of Kings

the belief that the right to rule was given by the Christian God (Europe), King James I

Intendents

European public officials that carry out the king’s orders

Devshirme

A system where Christian boys are forcibly recruited and strictly trained into civil service servants- either soldiers (Janissaries) or government administrators

Janissaries

Elite class/enslaved Christian boys for the Ottoman army, produced by the Devshirme system

Damiyo

Japanese feudal landlords who controlled provinces, led warrior bands, and fought with one another; hired samurai to protect lands

Tokugawa Shogunate

a feudal military/dictatorship government in the Edo period of Japan, established by Ieyasu, provided unity for the county and fostered innovation

Ottoman Tax Farming

financial system where the highest bidder was given the right to collect taxes; encouraged growth

Zamindars

part of the Zamindari taxation in Mughal empire, officials were given a plot of land for temporary use to collect taxes for the central government

Taj Mahal

Akbar built a tome for his late wife; greatest example of Mughal architecture

Versailles

a palace built outside of Paris and by Louis XIV (14th) as a political center and to control nobles (made them live with him so it was hard to act independently)

Boyars

Noble landowning class, second to tsar in the Russia society, aristocrats (member of the highest feudal rank of the Russian aristocracy)

Serfdom

System where peasants/serfs are bound to land in exchange for protection & shelter from the lord, a result of debt bondage

Protestant Reformation

Religious movement in order to reform the corrupted Catholic Church (sale of indulgences and simony), divided Europe and led to wars (such as the Thirty Years War); the Protestants involved wanted to distribute power

Caravel

small 3-masted ship developed by Portuguese (and Spanish?) in the 15th century, allowed for better storm survival rate .75 ft, long voyage

Carrack

150 ft, square n lateen, Portuguese, for trade, 14th-17th century

Fluyt

80 ft, 2-3 masts, for trade, Dutch, 16th-17th century

Maritime Empires

overseas colonies under complete control of mostly Spain or Portugal. Portugal had Brazil and Spain had the Caribbean islands.

• Spain • Portugal established dominance through naval power

• Dutch • England overseas explorations trade & colonization

Mercantilism

an economic system that increased government control of the economy through high tariffs & the establishment of colonies. Colonies were only allowed to trade with mother country (restricted trade & more profit)

Trading post empire

built initially by the Portuguese, these were used to control the trade routes by forcing merchant vessels to call at fortified trading sites and pay duties there

• based on small outposts, rather than control of large territories for the intention of trade

Galleons

Cargo of warfare Spanish ships that made stops in the Philippines to trade silver to Chinese

-at Manila -allowed Spanish trade to flourish

Conquistadors

Spanish soldier, explorer, conquerer who spread across the Americas

E.g. from Francisco Piazarron& Herman Cortes

Colombian Exchange

Trade of Americas/Africa/Europe exchange of crops, disease, culture, peoples, and pack animals

Transfer of shit between old and new world

Old world- Afro Eurasia, eastern hemisphere

New world- Americas, western hemisphere

African Diaspora

the practice of capturing and transporting Africans out of Africa created a spread of African people across the Atlantic

Indentured Servitude

servants were recruited from Europe for planters in North America to meet the demand for cheap labor

laborer would sign contract that bound them to a particular work for a period of time (typically 7 years) then labor goes free in the end

Chattel Slavery

ownership of human beings; a system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and can be bought and sold like property

-race based & hereditary

-trans Atlantic slave trade and effects

Encomiendas

system of Spanish rule in Americas where Spanish landowners have rights to forced labor for all indigenous people living on land grant

-used to divide indigenous among Spanish settlers

-Americans forced to provide labor for Spanish in exchange for food/protection

-focused more on controlling indigenous

Hacienda System

a system where state owners directly employ natives, who had low wages, high taxes, and large debt to landowners (brokies)

-indigenous laborers forced to work fields of large plantations

-amounted to a situation similar to slavery

-focused on land ownership to control natives

Commercial Revolution

a dramatic change in the economy of Europe at the end of the Middle Ages. It is characterized by an increase in towns & trade, banks and credit, and the establishment of guilds

• economic expansion

• transformation to a trade-based economy using gold & silver

• great increase in commerce

Joint Stock Company

an organization created to pool the resources and skills of many merchants, thereby distributing the costs and risks of colonization, and reducing danger for individual investors

-investors financed trade by buying shares in a corporation

-limited liability, chartered by state, privately funded

Casta system

race based hierarchy in the Spanish new world, valuing Spanish blood over others

1. Peninsulares (Spanish born in Spain but living in America)

2. Creoles (children of peninsulares, born in America)

3. Mestizos (Spanish of Native American Indian parents)

4. Mulatto (Spanish mixed with African)

5. Native American Indians

6. Enslaved persons

Creoles

Spaniards born in Americas

Peninsulares

highest caste of the Spanish colonial social structure; born in Spain, living in Americas

Mestizos

Person of mixed American Indian and European ancestry

Mulatto

person of mixed European and African ancestry

Santeria

“Way of the saints”, an African faith, popular in Cuba and then traveled throughout Latin America to North America

Vodun

“spirit/deity” belief system originated with African peoples of Dahomey, Kongo, and Yoruba who were enslaved and living in St. Domingue, now Haiti

Britain East India Company

English Company found in 1600 to develop 552;3 with the New British colonies in India & Southeast Asia

Dutch East India Company

Trading corporation for Netherlands; controlled markets and resources of colonies

Viceroys

Spanish king’s representatives in the Americas; they governed two main centers of authority in the Americas (Mexico & Peru) established by Spanish administrators

Metacom’s War

1675, the natives rebelled against the English colonies, tried to make English leave & resisted English influence. Resulted in destruction of 12 towns, English domination, subjugation of the Wampanoag people

Maroon Societies

2, internal, runaway slaves in Jamaica tried to make British leave

1. 1728-1740 was successful, temporary leave

2. 1795-1796 unsuccessful, British came back, peace treaty

Scientific Revolution

a period of major intellectual transformation in Europe, primarily from the 16th to the 18th centuries, characterized by a shift from traditional views based on religion and philosophy to an emphasis on observation, experimentation, and reason in scientific thought

Empiricism

The view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation

Natural rights

Fundamental rights that humans possess inherently

Life, liberty, and property promoted by John Locke

Social contract theory

philosophical idea where individuals consent, either explicitly or implicitly, to giving up their rights in exchange for benefits

political philosophical idea where individuals make an agreement to live together under certain rules for their own benefit/common good

John Locke

Enlightenment thinker who advocated the idea of a social contract and natural rights: life, liberty, and property

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

enlightenment philosopher who believed man is naturally good and consent of the governed/popular sovereignty

Enlightenment

an intellectual and cultural movement in the 18th century that emphasized reason, logic, and science over tradition

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer and advocate for women’s rights and equality, such as education, during the enlightenment