POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS

United Nations

an international organization founded in 1945.; its work are guided by the purposes and principles contained in its founding Charter.

193 Member States,

UN is Currently made up of

•Peacekeeping

the most important feature of

UN activity in peace and security.

Four Main Purposes of the UN Charter

a written grant by a country's legislative or sovereign power, by which an institution such as a company, college, or city is created and its rights and privileges

defined.

1. Maintaining worldwide peace and security

2. Developing relations among nations

3. Fostering cooperation between nations in order to solve economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian international problems

4. Providing a forum for bringing countries together to meet the UN's purposes and goals

Four Main Purposes of the UN Charter

knowledge, norms, policy, institutions compliance

There were five stages or main gaps meet by UN in the 21st century.

The World Trade

Organization (WTO)

Created in 1995, it is an international institution that

oversees the rules for global trade among nations.

26 February 2024

on _____. 2024, at the 13th Ministerial Conference in Abu Dhabi, Comoros and Timor

Leste were approved to became the 165th and 166th members.

1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

WTO superseded the _____ created in the wake of

World War II.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

deals with the global rules of trade between nations with the main

function of ensuring that trade flows smoothly, predictably and freely.

International Monetary Systems

It is an intergovernmental organization (IGO) that

works to improve the international financial systems,

trade, and economic well-being in its member

counties.

Improve international monetary cooperation

Encourage trade and economic growth

Discourage policies that would harm the prosperity

of those living in member countries

three main functions of IMf

1945

The IMF was created in __ and is based in

Washington, DC.

190

There are a total of ____ member countries, each of

which is represented on the group's board in the IMF

Overseeing the economies of member countries

Lending to countries with balance of payments issues

Helping member countries modernize their economies

The IMF fulfills its functions by:

Monitoring Member Country Economies

•It refers to a system that forms rules and standards for facilitating international trade among the nations.

•It helps in reallocating the capital and investment from one nation to another.

Monitoring Member Country Economies

•It is the global network of the government and\ financial institutions that determine the exchange rate of different currencies for international trade.

•It is a governing body that sets rules and regulations by which different nations exchange currencies with each other.

Lending

The IMF lends money to nurture the economies of member countries with balance of payments problems instead of lending to fund individual projects. The IMF expects the countries to pay back the loans, and the countries must embark on structural adjustment policies monitored by the IMF.

Technical Assistance

The third main function of the IMF is through what it calls capacity development by providing assistance, policy advice, and training through its various programs.

Human rights

are rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of race, sex, nationality,

ethnicity, language, religion, or any other status.

include the right to life and liberty, freedom from slavery and torture, freedom of

opinion and expression, the right to work and education, and many more.

International Human Rights Law

lays down the obligations of Governments to act in certain ways or to refrain from certain acts, in order to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms of individuals or groups.

Violations

can either be intentionally performed by the state and or come as a result of the state

failing to prevent the violation.

Drug trafficking

one of the most resilient and lucrative industries in the world, with estimated annual

revenues of between $426 billion and $652 billion according to a recent study.

“refugee”, “asylum seeker” and

“migrant”

are used to describe people who are on the move, who have left their countries and have crossed borders.

refugee

a person who has fled their own country because they are at risk of serious human rights violations and persecution there.

have a right to international protection.

asylum seeker

a person who has left their country and is seeking protection from persecution and

serious human rights violations in another country, but who hasn’t yet been legally recognized as a refugee and is waiting to receive a decision on their asylum

claim.

migrant

They are people staying outside their country of

origin, who are not asylum seekers or refugees.