Bio Last Exam

Cell theory

the basic unit or life is the cell. all organisms are composed of a cell. finally, new cells only come from preexisting cells.

Ecosystem theory

organisms are members of populations that interact with each other, other organisms, and with the physical environment within a particular locale.

Evolution theory

all living things have a common ancestor, but each descendant is adapted to a particular way of life.

Gene theory

organisms contain coded information (in the form of DNA) that dictates their form, function, and behavior

Homeostasis theory

the internal environment is relatively constant in an ever-changing external environment. this is normally maintained within a range that is protective of life.

alpha- subunit

GTP→GDP+Pi

Adenylyl Cyclase

ATP→cAMP

IP3

binds to receptors on the smooth ER to release Ca2+ from this organelle

PDE

cAMP→5’-AMP

PLC

PIP2→IP3+DAG

Murein

Polysaccharide

Chtin

Polysaccharide

Fructose

Monosaccharide

ABO blood groups

Oligosaccharide

Deoxyribose

Monosaccharide

Starch

Polysaccharide

Sucrose

Disaccharide

Trehalose

Disaccharide

Lactose

Disaccharide

Celulose

Polysaccharide

Linoleic acid

fatty acid

Triacylglycerol

acylglycerol

thromboxanes

eicosanoid

cholesterol

sterol

stearic acid

fatty acid

phosphatidylcholine

phosphoacylglycerol

prostaglandins

eicosanoid

stigmasterol

sterol

arachidonic acid

fatty acid

ergosterol

sterol

sterols in the plasma membrane

eukaryotic cell

70s ribosomes in the cytosol

prokaryotic cell

80s ribosomes in the cytosol

eukaryotic cell

chromatin

eukaryotic cell

posses membrane bound organelles

eukaryotic cell

capable of meiosis

eukaryotic cell

cell walls composed primarily of cellulose

eukaryotic cell

cell walls composed primarily of peptidoglycan

prokaryotic cell

single, circular DNA molecule

prokaryotic cell

posses a nuclear envelope

eukaryotic cell

form biochemical compounds

organic molecule

represented by a few substances

inorganic molecule

composed of a carbon skeleton

organic molecule

represented by a large number of compounds

organic molecules

chemical bonds are covalent

organic molecule

composed of a metal and nonmetal

inorganic molecule

often associated with non-living matter

inorganic molecule

best represented by a structural formula

organic molecule

best represented by a molecular formula

inorganic molecule

chemical bonds are ionic

inorganic molecule

phosphorylates STATs

JAK

activated by cAMP

PKA

activated by Ca2+ and DAG

PKC

dephosphorolates proteins

protein phosphates

activated by PIP3

PKB

acetyl CoA plus oxaloacetate converted to citrate

Krebs cycle

pyruvate converted to acetyl CoA

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex reaction

glucose converted to two molecules of pyruvate; net oxidation occurs

glycolysis

no net oxidation; does not use oxygen

fermentation

located on the cristae or inner mitohondrial membrane

Krebs cycle

sometimes called the citric acid cycle

Krebs cycle

produces most of the CO2 from complete oxidation of glucose

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex reaction

will form GTP by substrate level phosphorylation

electron transport chain

uses O2 as the final electron acceptor

electron transport chain

glucose may be converted to lactate in exercising skeletal muscle cells

fermentation

hypoglycemia

glucagon

receptor for this is a GCPR

glucagon

stimulates gluconeogenisis

glucagon

stimulates glycolysis

insulin

signal transduction is by the MAP kinase cascade and PI3K pathways

insulin

signal transduction Is by activating adenylyl cyclase

glucagon

stimulates glycogenolosis

glucagon

stimulates glycogenisis

insulin

hyperglycimia

insulin

receptors for this is a receptor tyrosine kinase

insulin

released by alpha cells

glucagon

activates a low molecular G protein called was

insulin

increased GLUT4 in responsive tissues

insulin

will activate protein kinase B

insulin

released by beta cells

insulin

hypotonic to hypertonic

passive transport

must use cellular energy

active transport

phagocytosis

active transport

Na+,K+-ATPase

active transport

GLUTs

passive tranport

movement of a substance from high concentration to low concentration

passive transport

dynamin

active transport

SERCA

active transport

aquaporins

passive transport

“downhill” movement of substances

passive tranport

“uphill” movement of substances

active transport

SNAREs

active transport

clathrin

active transport

use of BoTox will inhibit this

active transport

movement of transferrin receptors into the cells

active transport

pernicious anemia

vitamin b12

warfarin

vitamin k

pellegra

vitamin b3

functions as a hormone for Ca2+ homestasis

vitamin d

carboxylation of a glutamate to form y-carboxylglutamate ; required for proper procoagulant formation

vitamin k