Plant Diversity II: seed plants

Chapter 30

seed

What consists of an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protein coat?

1. reduced gametophytes

2. heterospory

3. ovules

4. pollen

What is common in all seed plants?

microscopic

Gametophytes of seed plants can not be seen with the naked eye, so they are what?

gametophytes

What develops in the wall of spores that are retained with tissues of parent sporophytes?

male or female gametophytes

heterosporous plants produce two types of spores that develop into what?

homosporous

ferns and other close relatives are what?

heterosporous

seed plants are what?

Megasporangia and Microsporangia

what type of spores are produced by heterosporous plants?

megasporangia

What produces megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes

microsporangia

what produces microspores that give rise to male gametophytes?

ovule

what consists of a megasporangium, megaspore, and one or more protective integuments?

gymnosperm megasporangia

What megasporangia has only one integument?

Angiosperm megasporangia

what megasporangia has two integuments?

female

mega and ovule is associated with what gender?

male

micro and pollen is associated with what gender?

microspore

what develops into a pollen grain that consists of a male gametophyte enclosed within a pollen wall?

pollination

what is the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules?

pollen tube

What does a germinated pollen grain produce to discharge sperm into the female gametophyte within the ovule?

1. remain dormant for days or years until conditions are favorable for germination

2. they have a supply of stored food

3. may be transported long distances by wind or animals

What are three evolutionary advantages that seeds have over spores?

gymnosperms

what are called “naked seeds”?

sporophylls

What are seeds exposed on that produce cones?

conifers

most gymnosperms are cone-bearing plants called what?

1. Cycadophyta

2. Ginkgophyta

3. Gnetophyta

4. Coniferophyta

what are the four phyla of gymnosperms

cycads

what is an example of cycadophyta?

ginkgo biloba

what is a living species in the phylum ginkophyta?

gnetum, ephedra, welwitschia

what are the three genera in the phylum gnetophyta?

conifers, such as pine, fir, and redwood

what are examples from the phylum coniferophyta?

Phylum Cycadophyta

what phylum has individuals(most that have survived are endangered) have large cones and palmlike leaves

Phylum Ginkgophyta

what phylum consists of a single living species; it also has a high tolerance to air pollution and is a popular ornamental tree

Phylum Gnetophyta

what phylum compromises three genera: gnetum, ephedra, and, Welwitschia. Their species also vary in appearance, being that some are tropical and some live in desert areas

Phylum Coniderophyta

What is the largest gymnosperm phyla, with most species being woody cones (they have a few fleshy cones).

most conifers are evergreens and can carry out photosynthesis all year round

angiosperms

what are seed plants with reproductive structures called flowers and fruits?

they are the most widespread and diverse of all plants

anthophyta

All angiosperms are classified in a single phylum. Which phylum?

1. flowers

2. fruits

what two key adaptations do angiosperms have?

flower

what is an angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction?

its a specialized shoot with up to four types of modified leaves

insects or animals while some are wind

how are flowers pollinated?

1. sepals

2. petals

3. stamens

4. carpels

what are the four floral organs?

sepals

what encloses the flower?

petals

what is often brightly colored to attract pollinators; wind-pollinated flowers generally lack brightly colored parts

stamens

what is the male reproductive organ in a flower?

carpels

what is the female reproductive organ in a flower?

filament and an anther

what does a stamen consists of?

filament

what is a thin stalk that supports the anther, which is where pollen is produced

anther

what is a sac that produces the pollen

microspores

what is produced by anthers and develop into pollen grains that contain male gametophytes?

A carpel..

what consists of an ovary at the base of a style leading up to a sticky stigma

stigma

Where is pollen received?

ovary

what contains the female gametophytes within the ovule

fertilized ovules

what develops into seeds?

pistil

what refers to a single carpel or two or more fused carpels?

shape, size, color, and odor

What characteristics do flowers have?

radial symmetry

What is an imaginary line through the central axis that divides the flower into two equal parts?

bilateral symmetry

what symmetry is it when a flower can only be divided into two equal parts by a single imaginary line?

fruit

what is formed when the ovary wall thickens and matures?

protect seeds and aid in their dispersal

What is the purpose of fruits?

fleshy or dry

mature fruits can either be what?

tomato

grapefruit

nectarine

what are examples of fleshy fruit?

milkweed

hazelnut

what are examples of dry fruit?

disperse

various fruit adaptations help _________ seeds

wind, water, or animals

what are ways seeds can be carried to new locations?

examples of seed transportation

1. mechanism that disperses seeds by explosive actions

2. wings

3. seeds within berries and other edible fruits

4. barbs

250,000

how many living species do angiosperms compromise?

monocots and dicots

what are the two groups of angiosperms?

monocots

one-quarter of angiosperms, about 70,000

largest groups are orchids, grasses, and palms

one cotyledon

dicots

two cotyledons

eudicot

more than two-thirds of angiosperms, about 170,000

includes the large legume family and the rose family

true dicots and they include most dicots

food, fuel, wood products, and medicine

What are seed plants key sources of?

food

Most of what comes from angiosperms?

80% of calories consumed by humans

Six crops (wheat, rice, maize, potatoes, cassava, and sweet potatoes) yield what number?

tea, coffee, chocolate, and spices

what do flowering plants provide that are edible?

wood

What do many seed plants provide?