Health Promotion, Communication, and Cultural Diversity Flashcards

75 flashcards covering Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Therapeutic Communication, and Cultural Diversity based on nursing lecture materials.

Health

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Morbidity

A global measurement of public health that indicates how frequently a disease occurs.

Mortality

A global measurement of public health representing the number of deaths resulting from a disease.

Illness

The response of a person to a disease, in which their level of functioning is changed when compared with a previous level.

Acute Illness

An illness that generally has a rapid onset of symptoms and lasts only a relatively short time, such as appendicitis, pneumonia, diarrhea, or the common cold.

Chronic Illness

An illness characterized by a slow onset, permanent change or irreversible alterations in normal state, requiring a long period of support, and often featuring periods of remission and exacerbation.

Remission

A period during a chronic illness when symptoms are reduced or absent.

Exacerbation

A period during a chronic illness when symptoms reappear or intensify.

Primary Objectives of the Nurse as Caregiver

The four main caregiver goals of nursing: to promote health, prevent illness, restore health, and facilitate coping with illness, disability, or death.

Disease

Pathologic changes in the structure or function of the body or mind.

Common Causes of Diseases

Etiologic factors including inherited genetic defects, developmental defects during pregnancy, biologic agents/toxins, physical agents, generalized tissue responses, stress reactions, and secretion imbalances.

Risk Factor

Something that increases a person's chances for illness or injury.

Stage 1 of Illness: Experiencing Symptoms

The initial stage of illness where an individual recognizes physical signs or symptoms such as pain, rash, bleeding, or cough.

Stage 2 of Illness: Assuming the Sick Role

The stage of illness where a person self-defines as being sick, focuses on symptoms and bodily functions, and may seek help.

Stage 3 of Illness: Assuming a Dependent Role

The stage of illness where the patient accepts the diagnosis and treatment plan, loses independence, and needs help with daily activities and emotional support.

Stage 4 of Illness: Achieving Recovery and Rehabilitation

The final stage of illness that begins in the hospital and concludes at home or in a rehab center, where the patient gives up the dependent role and resumes normal activities and responsibilities.

Effects of Illness on the Family

Impacts including changes in daily life, creation of stress, economic problems, decreased social interactions, and mixed emotions.

Human Dimensions Model

The six interrelated dimensions—Physical, Emotional, Intellectual, Environmental, Sociocultural, and Spiritual—that influence a person's health-illness status, health beliefs, and practices.

Social Determinants of Health

According to the World Health Organization, the circumstances in which people are born, grow up, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes.

Health Equity

The attainment of the highest level of health for all people.

Health Disparity

A particular type of health difference that is closely linked with social, economic, and/or environmental disadvantage.

Vulnerable Populations

Groups at higher risk for poor health or health disparities, including racial/ethnic minorities, people in poverty, women, children, older adults, rural/urban low-income residents, and people with disabilities.

Equality vs. Equity

Equality provides identical resources to everyone regardless of individual need, whereas equity provides customized resources tailored to individual needs so everyone can thrive.

Diversity

Welcoming individuals of different race, religion, nationality, culture, age, sexual orientation, and identity.

Inclusion

Giving everyone a sense of purpose and belonging.

Equity

Ensuring that everyone has access to the conditions they need to thrive.

Modifiable Risk Factors

Things influencing health and safety that a person can change, such as health habits and lifestyle.

Nonmodifiable Risk Factors

Things influencing health and safety that cannot be changed, such as age and genetic factors.

Six Major Areas of Risk Factors

The key areas of risk factors for illness and injury: Age, Genetic factors, Physiologic factors, Health habits, Lifestyle, and Environment.

Primary Prevention

Prevention directed toward promoting health and preventing the development of disease processes or injury, such as immunization clinics, poison-control info, and accident-prevention education.

Secondary Prevention

Prevention focusing on screening for early detection of disease with prompt diagnosis and treatment, such as growth assessments in children and regular medical, dental, and vision exams.

Tertiary Prevention

Prevention that begins after an illness is diagnosed and treated, with the goal of reducing disability and rehabilitating patients to a maximum level of functioning.

Becoming Anti-Racist Continuum

A developmental process of becoming anti-racist progressing through the Fear Zone, Learning Zone, and Growth Zone.

Verbal Communication

Communication expressed through words, incorporating vocabulary, meaning, pacing, intonation, clarity, timing/relevance, credibility, and humor.

Nonverbal Communication

Communication transmitted without words, incorporating facial expressions, posture, personal appearance, distance, gesture, and touch.

Factors Influencing Communication

Variables affecting interpersonal exchanges: developmental level, gender, sociocultural differences, roles and responsibilities, space and territoriality, physical/mental/emotional state, values, and environment.

Electronic Communication Guidelines

Guidelines issued by the American Nurses Association (ANA) and National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN) regarding social media, email, and text messaging to protect patient privacy and confidentiality.

Preparatory Phase of Nurse Interview

The initial phase before meeting the patient where the nurse collects data and prepares the environment for the interview.

Orientation/Introduction Phase of Nurse Interview

The phase of communication where the nurse introduces themselves, sets the tone, defines roles and expectations, and establishes goals with the patient.

Working Phase of Nurse Interview

The phase of communication where the nurse and patient work together to meet the patient's physical and psychosocial health goals.

Termination Phase of Nurse Interview

The final phase of communication where the relationship concludes, outcomes are evaluated, and care transition occurs.

Helping Relationship

A professional, personal, client-focused relationship aimed at realizing mutually determined goals, increasing self-worth, promoting insight, encouraging problem solving, and facilitating decision making.

Dispositional Traits

Nurse characteristics that promote effective communication, including warmth and friendliness, openness and respect, empathy, honesty, authenticity, trust, caring, and competence.

Rapport Builders

Interpersonal factors that build rapport: specific objectives, comfortable environment, privacy, confidentiality, patient focus, nursing observation, and optimal pacing.

SBAR Communication Tool

A standardized hand-off communication technique structured around Situation, Background, Assessment, and Recommendation.

Seeking Clarification

A therapeutic response used to make clear that which is vague or unclear in the communication exchange.

Reflecting

A therapeutic response where feelings or ideas expressed by the patient are reflected back to encourage further exploration.

Restating

A therapeutic response where the main idea expressed by the patient is repeated in similar words to confirm understanding.

Offering Self

A therapeutic response where the nurse offers their physical presence and interest unconditionally.

Using Silence

A therapeutic response allowing the patient time to think, process thoughts, or regain emotional composure.

Focusing

A therapeutic response that directs attention back to a specific single topic or key word.

Giving Information

A therapeutic response providing essential facts that the patient needs to make decisions.

Non-Therapeutic Responses

Communication behaviors that hinder dialogue, including reassuring, rejecting, disapproving, probing, defending, requesting an explanation, making stereotyped comments, and introducing an unrelated topic.

Blocks to Communication

Factors that obstruct communication, including giving false assurance, being judgmental, using closed-ended questions, gossiping, inappropriateness, using clichés, changing the subject, probing, and failure to listen.

Communication with Visually Impaired Patients

Interventions including acknowledging presence, identifying self by name, speaking in a normal tone, explaining reasons for touch, indicating when leaving, and keeping call lights reachable.

Communication with Hearing Impaired Patients

Interventions including orienting presence before speaking, facing patient directly, using simple sentences in a quiet natural tone, avoiding chewing gum/covering mouth, and verifying working hearing aids.

Communication with Physical Barrier Patients

Interventions for patients with laryngectomy or endotracheal tubes, including simple communication methods like eye blinks, hand squeezes, writing pads, or communication boards, and ensuring effective call bells.

Communication with Cognitively Impaired Patients

Interventions including maintaining eye contact, keeping environment quiet, using simple/concrete instructions without abstract terms, avoiding open-ended questions, and allowing 2 minutes to respond.

Communication with Unconscious Patients

Interventions including speaking in a normal tone, explaining touch before acting, keeping noise low, and remembering hearing is believed to be the last sense lost.

Communication with Non-English Speaking Patients

Interventions including using a professional interpreter whenever possible, utilizing translation dictionaries, speaking in simple sentences, and recognizing universal nonverbal cues.

Cultural Diversity

The coexistence of varying cultures, racial and ethnic origins, religions, physical sizes/ages/genders, sexual orientations, disabilities, socioeconomic statuses, and geographical locations.

Culture

The shared beliefs, habits, likes and dislikes, and customs and rituals learned from one's family.

Subculture

A large group of people who are members of a larger cultural group but have certain ethnic, occupational, or physical characteristics not common to the larger culture.

Dominant Group

The group in society, usually the largest, that holds the most authority to control societal values and sanctions.

Minority Group

A smaller group in society identified by physical or cultural characteristics that set them apart from the dominant group.

Cultural Assimilation

The process that occurs when members of a minority group, living with a dominant group, begin to blend in and lose the characteristics that made them distinct.

Ethnicity

A sense of identification with a collective cultural group, largely based on a common heritage and shared cultural/social beliefs developed through daily community living.

Race

Categorization typically based on specific physical characteristics such as skin pigmentation, body stature, facial features, and hair texture.

Five Major Racial Categories

The five recognized racial categories: American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Black or African American, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, and White.

Stereotyping

The assumption that all members of a culture or ethnic group act alike, which may be positive or negative (including racism, ageism, and sexism).

Cultural Imposition

The belief that everyone should conform to the majority belief system.

Cultural Blindness

Ignoring cultural differences and proceeding as if they did not exist.

Cultural Conflict

A reaction occurring when people become aware of cultural differences, feel threatened, and respond by ridiculing the beliefs and traditions of others to feel more secure.

Ethnocentrism

The belief that one's own ideas, beliefs, and practices are the best, superior, or most preferred to those of others.

Culture of Poverty

A pattern characterized by feelings of despair, fatalism, day-to-day survival attitude, unemployment, unstable family structure, and decline in self-respect and community involvement.