GEN CHEM DAT

What are the 7 diatomic molecules?

Hydrogen, Flourine, Bromine, Iodine, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Chlorine

What is the formula for E cell potential?

Ecell = Ered + Eox

True or false: Any # to the power of 0 is 1

True

True or false: Neutralization, Precipitation, and Hydrolysis reactions are redox reactions

False

What is the rate law equation?

rate=k[A]^m[B]ⁿ

What are pure substances?

Pure substances are 1 formula and are either Elements (Au, Cu, H₂) and Compounds (C₆H₁₂O₆, H₂O, NH₄⁺)

What are mixtures?

Mixtures are 2+ formulas and are either homogenous (spread evenly like NaCl+H2O) or heterogenous (not spread evenly like dirt or concrete)

Why does effective nuclear charge increase across a row?

Because atomic size decreases across a row

Why does atomic size increase down a column?

Because of the increase in electron shielding as the molar mass increases

What is a combustion reaction?

Reacting a hydrocarbon with O₂ to form CO₂ and H₂O

How many sig figs is in 0.000454?

3 (bc leading zeroes don't count)

How many sig figs are in 11.0?

3 (bc trailing zeroes are significant)

Define a Lewis Acid

a molecule that accepts electrons

Define a Lewis Base

a molecule that donates electrons

True or false: Only temperature can affect Ksp

True

What do all the 4 quantum numbers represent?

n= outer valence shell

l= 0,1,2,3 (for s,p,d,f)

m_l= -l…….0…….+l

m_s= +1/2 or -1/2 (ALWAYS)

What is the half-life equation?

mass remaining = (original mass) (1/2)^t

3 Properties of ionic solids

high melting points, brittle, hard

3 Properties of network solids

High melting point, hard, nonconducting

What is paramagnetism?

When at least one electron is unpaired

What is diamagnetism?

When all electrons are paired

True or false: Bond dissociation energy is always positive

True because it's energy needed to break a bond

True or false: London forces increase down a column bc of increase molar masses which leads to increased boiling points

True

What is density of gas formula?

p=PM/RT

p=density 

P=pressure 

M=molar mass 

R=ideal gas constant (0.0821) 

T=temperature

Define colligative properties?

physical properties of solutions that depend on # of solute & solvent particles in solution REGARDLESS OF SOLUTE IDENTITY

What are 4 examples of colligative properties?

vapor pressure, osmotic pressure, freezing point, boiling point

True or false: Chemical changes do not result in a change in the chemical formula

False

True or false: Phase changes are chemical changes

False. They are physical changes

What is the osmotic pressure formula?

π=iMRT

π= osmotic pressure 

i= van't Hoff (# of things compound will break into) 

M= molarity 

R= ideal gas constant (0.0821) 

T= temperature (K)

What are the 7 strong acids?

HCl - hydrochloric acid 

HBr - hydrobromic acid 

HI - hydroiodic acid 

HNO₃ - nitric acid 

HClO₃ - chloric acid 

HClO₄ - perchloric acid 

H₂SO₄ - sulfuric acid

What are the 7 strong bases?

Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)

Potassium Hydroxide (KOH)

Lithium Hydroxide (LiOH)

Cesium Hydroxide (CsOH)

Calcium Hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂)

Strontium Hydroxide (Sr(OH)₂)

Barium Hydroxide (Ba(OH)₂)

What is the combined gas law equation?

P1V1/n1T1 = P2V2/n2T2

What is the unit for first-order reaction?

s^-1

What is the unit for second-order reaction?

M^-1 s^-1

What is the unit for third-order reaction?

M^-2 s^-1

What is the Gibbs free energy equation?

∆G = ∆H - T∆S

2 Properties of Molecular solids

Low melting point, nonconducting

3 Properties of Metallic solids

Variable melting point, hardness, conducting

Equation of pH and pOH

pH + pOH = 14

True or false: 10^-pH=[H+]

True

define spectator ions

present unchanged in reactant & product side of equation

5 Solubles

Most Group 1 metal cations

Nitrate (NO₃^-)

Perchlorate (ClO₄^-)

Acetate (C₂H₃O₂^-)

Ammonium (NH₄⁺)

7 Insolubles

Silver (Ag⁺)

Lead (Pb²⁺)

Sulfide (S^2-)

Hydroxide (OH^-)

Dimercury (Hg²⁺)

Carbonate (CO₃^2-)

Phosphate (PO₄^3-)

What is the rate constant equal to in a first and second-order equation?

-slope

What are the units and y-axis for a zero-order reaction?

M¹s^-1 and [A]

What are the units and y-axis for a first-order reaction?

s^-1 and ln[A]

What are the units and y-axis for a second-order reaction?

M^-1s^-1 and 1/[A]

Where is the titrant placed in a titration?

buret

Where is the titrand placed in a titration?

Erlenmeyer flask

What equation has heat and work?

deltaE = q + w

Define electrolysis

decomposes compound into its constituents

What do the corners of a cubic cell equal

1/8

whats the relationship between Ka, pKa, and acidity

High Ka=low pKa=increased acidity

What level do the bottom (extra) rows of the periodic table represent?

4f level

term for same # of protons, diff # of electrons

ions

term for same # of protons, diff # of neutrons

isotopes

what is the equation for mass percent?

mass percent=mass of solute/total mass of solution x 100

what lab technique is used to separate a homogenous mixture?

distillation

what 3 pieces of lab equipment is used in a distillation experiment?

condenser, distillation flask, flask

Why does a nucleus weigh less than the sum of its neutrons and protons?

Some of the nucleus’s mass is converted into nuclear binding energy

what are the 4 steps to balance a reaction in an acidic medium?

1. Balance elements other than H & O

2. Balance oxygen by adding H2O

3. Balance hydrogen by adding H+

4. Add electrons to balance charges, if necessary

Under what conditions will a real gas exhibit ideal gas behavior?

High temperature and low pressure

What are the 5 assumptions of ideal gasses?

1. Particle sizes are insignificant

2. Zero intermolecular forces

3. Random motion

4. Perfectly elastic collisions

5. Kinetic energy only depends on temperature

How does Ksp relate to molar solubility for salts that have the same number of ions

low Ksp=least soluble

high Ksp=most soluble

What does pH and pOH equal?

14

How do you find H+ or OH- concentration using pH and pOH?

H+ = 10^-pH

OH- = 10^-pOH

What is the equation for work?

w=-P*deltaV

w=work

P=pressure

deltaV=change in volume

If the system does work on the surrounding, is work positive or negative?

negative

If the surroundings do work on the system, is work negative or positive?

positive

How do you determine if a bond is polar?

If there is a significant difference in electronegativities

A spontaneous Ecell is positive or negative

Positive

Electrons always flow from anode to cathode

True or false

True

Where does oxidation and reduction occur in a Galvanic (voltaic) cell?

Oxidation at the anode and reduction at the cathode

Oxidation and reduction occur at the same sites in both Galvanic (voltaic) cells and electrolytic cells

True or false

True

What is the charge at the anode and cathode in a Galvanic (voltaic) cell?

Anode is negative and cathode is positive

What is the charge at the anode and cathode in a Electrolytic cell?

Anode is positive and cathode is negative

Between a galvanic and electrolytic cell, which one contains a salt bridge?

Galvanic cell

Describe the relationship between frequency, wavelength, and energy

shorter wavelength=higher frequency=higher energy

What is the relationship between vapor pressure and boiling point?

Inversely related

What are the 4 state functions?

Gibbs Free Energy, mass, volume, enthalpy

What are the 3 path (nonstate) functions?

work, heat, heat capacity

What is the ideal gas law?

PV=nRT

What is an allotrope?

different structural forms of the same element