Biology Chapter 1- Cells and Magnification

Review these bro

What are the 2 types of cells

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

Features of a bacterium

• DNA floating inside the cytoplasm

• Flagellum for movement

Features of plant and animal cells

• Cell membrane

• Cytoplasm

• Nucleus

• Mitochondria

What are the functions of structures in eukaryotic cells

• Cell membrane- Keeps unwanted substances out

• Cytoplasm- Protects internal components from damage

• Nucleus- Hold the cells genetic material

• Mitochondria- Produce energy for the cell

What is a specialised cell

A cell designed to perform a specific role in the body

What is differentiation

The process by which a stem cell becomes any other cell type, making it specialised

what is the difference between magnification and resolution

Magnification is the ability to make small objects seem larger. Resolution is the ability to distinguish two objects from each other.

Compare electron and light microscopes, using the terms magnification and resolution

Electron microscopes have better magnification and resolution than light microscopes

What is the equation of magnification

magnification= size of image / actual size

How do bacteria reproduce

Asexually by binary fission

What condition are required for bacteria to reproduce

warm, moist, protein-rich environment

How do you prepare an uncontaminated culture

1. Wash hands and sterilise surroundings

2. Sterilise inoculating loops by passing them through a Busen burner flame

3. Open a sterile agar plate near a Bunsen flame to kill bacteria in the air

4. Use the inoculating loop to spread chosen bacteria evenly across the plate

5. Place sterile filter paper discs containing antibiotics on the plate

6. Tape the lid shut

7. Incubate at 25^oC

how is genetic information stored in the nucleus

Genetic information is stored as DNA

What are stages in cell cycle

• G1 (gap 1)- Increase in cell size

• S (synthesis)- The cell copies its DNA

• G2 (gap 2)- Cell prepares to divide

• M (mitosis)- The cell divides

Where does mitosis occur

In the somatic cells

What are the stages of mitosis

• Interphase- The chromosomes duplicated and become 2 identical chromatids joined at the centromere

• Prophase- In the nucleus, chromosomes condense and in the cytoplasm spindle fibres form

• Metaphase- The nuclear membrane breaks apart the spindle fibres attach to the chromosomes and then they line up at the equator of the cell

• Anaphase- The spindle fibres shorten and the centromere divides so each chromosome becomes 2 separate chromatids

• Telophase- The nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes, then they spread back out in the new nucleus and the spindle fibres break down

• Cytokinesis- The cell membrane pinches into 2 identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent

What is a chromosome

A thread-like structure in the nucleus of a cell that is made of DNA and protein

Why do cells undergo mitosis

• To grow

• Reproduce asexually

• To repair themselves

What is a stem cell

An undifferentiated cell can develop into any cell.

What types of stem cells are there

• Embryonic stem cells: Found in early embryos, these cells can differentiate into any cell type.

• Adult stem cells: Found in the bone marrow of mature organisms, these cells can only differentiate into a limited range of related cell types.

Where are stem cells found in plants

In the meristem

What is therapeutic cloning

A technique where a patient's cell nucleus is inserted into a donor egg cell, creating an embryo with the same genetic makeup as the patient, allowing for the production of stem cells that can be used to treat diseases in the patient without the risk of immune rejection because they are genetically identical to the patient

What are potential risks of using stem cells

• Infection

• Rejection

• Formation of tumours

What are benefits of stem cells

• Treating disease

• Developing new drugs

• Able to gain an understanding of how diseases develop

Issues with using stem cells in medical research/treatment

• Ethical concerns regarding the source of embryonic stem cells

• Potential for tumour formation

• Immune rejection of transplanted cells

• Difficulty in controlling stem cell differentiation

• The risk of viral contamination during cell culture

What is diffusion

When particles move from an area of high concentration to low concentration

What factors affect diffusion

• Temperature

• Concentration gradient

• Membrane thickness

• Surface area

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration

Glucose + Oxygen —> Carbon dioxide + Water

What is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration

Glucose → Lactic acid + energy

The word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast cells

Glucose → Ethanol + Carbon dioxide

What type of respiration is fermentation

Anaerobic respiration

State fermentation’s economic importance

It is a natural process that's economically important for food production, medicine, and biofuels. 

What is oxygen debt

The amount of oxygen required to remove the lactic acid from the body and replace the body's reserves of oxygen

What happens when muscles don’t have enough oxygen

They begin to produce energy anaerobically, leading to a build-up of lactic acid which causes muscle fatigue, pain and can eventually result in muscle cramps

What is the importance of sugars

Serves as the primary source of energy for the body

What is the importance of amino acids

Serves as the building blocks for proteins, which are essential for various bodily functions including growth, repair of tissues and hormone production

What is the importance of fatty acids

Serves as building blocks for cell membranes

What is the importance of glycerol

Plays a role in skin hydration, cutaneous elasticity and epidermal barrier repair.

What is metabolism

The chemical reactions that happens in living cells

Examples of metabolism

• Making of glucose

• Breaking down of glucose