unit 2 biochemistry

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hydrogen bond

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50 Terms

1

hydrogen bond

a weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative oxygen atom

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2

water is a _____ molecule

polar

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3

polar molecule

A molecule that has electrically charged areas.

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4

non-polar molecule

no charged regions

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5

solvent

A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

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6

solute

dissolves in solvents

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7

solution

a mix of solutes and solvents

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8

hydrogen bonding properties

high specific heat, cohesion, adhesion, high surface tension, expands when freezing, being a good solvent

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9

what elements are used in all living systems?

C,H,O,N,P,S

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10

Ionic bond

electrons are transferred

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11

covalent bond

electrons are shared

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12

monomer

makes up polymers (individual subunits)

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13

polymer

made up of monomers?..

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14

hydrolysis

uses water to break up a polymer

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15

dehydration synthesis

removes water to make more polymers

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16

what are the monomers for lipids?

none (they dont have one)

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17

what are the monomers for carbohydrates?

monosaccharides

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18

what are the monomers for nucleic acids?

nucleotides

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19

what are the monomers for proteins?

amino acids

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20

examples of lipids are...

fats, oils, waxes

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21

lipids are used for...

storing energy, making up cell membranes, make hormones

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22

what makes proteins so special? (whats special about their molecular model)

they have the R group which can be substituted into 20 different things and change the specific use of the protein

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23

what elements are used in lipids?

C,H,O, and sometimes P

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24

what elements are in carbohydrates?

C,H,O

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25

what is the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrates?

1:2:1

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26

what are the uses of carbohydrates?

energy storage and make up the cell wall

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27

what elements are in nucleic acids?

C,H,N,O,P

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28

what are the uses for nucleic acids?

RNA and DNA

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29

what elements are in proteins?

C,H,N,O, and sometimes S

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30

what are the uses for proteins?

build chemicals and break down chemicals (think of enzymes!)

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31

enzymes

catalysts which mean they speed up chemical reactions but are not used up in the process (they lower the activation energy in a chemical reaction)

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32

how can you tell if something is an enzyme?

ends with -ase (ex. DNA polyrase which are the polymers of DNA monomers

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33

what are enzymes made up of?

proteins (which explains the uses for proteins!)

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34

what is enzyme specificity?

only a specific substrate can fit into the active site of the enzyme. the enzyme will only function in a specific pH and temperature

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35

denature

the enzyme is not the same shape as it was before and now it no longer performs its job

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36

how does an enzyme denature?

when the pH is too high/low or the temperature is too high/low

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37

base pH

>7

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38

acidic pH

<7

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39

neutral pH

7

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40

how is the pH scale organized? (how much different is pH 6 from pH5)

the pH scale is in bases of 10 so that would make pH 5 10x more acidic than pH 6

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41

what do acids do to hydrogen ions?

releases a hydrogen ion (high H+ concentration)

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42

what do bases do to hydrogen ions?

removes hydrogen ions (low H+ concentration)

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43

fun fact about bases:

take a while to do damage but theyre just as dangerous as acids

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44

inputs in chemical reactions are called

reactants

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45

outputs of chemical reactions are called

products

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46

substrate

what an enzyme reacts with and goes into the active site

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47

example of a liquid with a neutral pH

water (or water that doesn't have anything odd in it)

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48

TRUE OR FALSE: enzymes can NOT be used over and over again

FALSE: enzymes can be used as many times as they want as long as a substrate they like is present and the pH and temperature is right

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49

what are the 3 parts of an atom along with their charges?

protons (positive), neutron (neutral), electron (negative)

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50

why is carbon so important to life science?

it can have up to 4 bonds (which not many other elements can do) which allows it to have many different shapes

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