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hydrogen bond
a weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative oxygen atom
water is a _____ molecule
polar
polar molecule
A molecule that has electrically charged areas.
non-polar molecule
no charged regions
solvent
A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances
solute
dissolves in solvents
solution
a mix of solutes and solvents
hydrogen bonding properties
high specific heat, cohesion, adhesion, high surface tension, expands when freezing, being a good solvent
what elements are used in all living systems?
C,H,O,N,P,S
Ionic bond
electrons are transferred
covalent bond
electrons are shared
monomer
makes up polymers (individual subunits)
polymer
made up of monomers?..
hydrolysis
uses water to break up a polymer
dehydration synthesis
removes water to make more polymers
what are the monomers for lipids?
none (they dont have one)
what are the monomers for carbohydrates?
monosaccharides
what are the monomers for nucleic acids?
nucleotides
what are the monomers for proteins?
amino acids
examples of lipids are...
fats, oils, waxes
lipids are used for...
storing energy, making up cell membranes, make hormones
what makes proteins so special? (whats special about their molecular model)
they have the R group which can be substituted into 20 different things and change the specific use of the protein
what elements are used in lipids?
C,H,O, and sometimes P
what elements are in carbohydrates?
C,H,O
what is the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrates?
1:2:1
what are the uses of carbohydrates?
energy storage and make up the cell wall
what elements are in nucleic acids?
C,H,N,O,P
what are the uses for nucleic acids?
RNA and DNA
what elements are in proteins?
C,H,N,O, and sometimes S
what are the uses for proteins?
build chemicals and break down chemicals (think of enzymes!)
enzymes
catalysts which mean they speed up chemical reactions but are not used up in the process (they lower the activation energy in a chemical reaction)
how can you tell if something is an enzyme?
ends with -ase (ex. DNA polyrase which are the polymers of DNA monomers
what are enzymes made up of?
proteins (which explains the uses for proteins!)
what is enzyme specificity?
only a specific substrate can fit into the active site of the enzyme. the enzyme will only function in a specific pH and temperature
denature
the enzyme is not the same shape as it was before and now it no longer performs its job
how does an enzyme denature?
when the pH is too high/low or the temperature is too high/low
base pH
>7
acidic pH
<7
neutral pH
7
how is the pH scale organized? (how much different is pH 6 from pH5)
the pH scale is in bases of 10 so that would make pH 5 10x more acidic than pH 6
what do acids do to hydrogen ions?
releases a hydrogen ion (high H+ concentration)
what do bases do to hydrogen ions?
removes hydrogen ions (low H+ concentration)
fun fact about bases:
take a while to do damage but theyre just as dangerous as acids
inputs in chemical reactions are called
reactants
outputs of chemical reactions are called
products
substrate
what an enzyme reacts with and goes into the active site
example of a liquid with a neutral pH
water (or water that doesn't have anything odd in it)
TRUE OR FALSE: enzymes can NOT be used over and over again
FALSE: enzymes can be used as many times as they want as long as a substrate they like is present and the pH and temperature is right
what are the 3 parts of an atom along with their charges?
protons (positive), neutron (neutral), electron (negative)
why is carbon so important to life science?
it can have up to 4 bonds (which not many other elements can do) which allows it to have many different shapes
Note
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