unit 2 biochemistry

hydrogen bond

a weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative oxygen atom

water is a _____ molecule

polar

polar molecule

A molecule that has electrically charged areas.

non-polar molecule

no charged regions

solvent

A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

solute

dissolves in solvents

solution

a mix of solutes and solvents

hydrogen bonding properties

high specific heat, cohesion, adhesion, high surface tension, expands when freezing, being a good solvent

what elements are used in all living systems?

C,H,O,N,P,S

Ionic bond

electrons are transferred

covalent bond

electrons are shared

monomer

makes up polymers (individual subunits)

polymer

made up of monomers?..

hydrolysis

uses water to break up a polymer

dehydration synthesis

removes water to make more polymers

what are the monomers for lipids?

none (they dont have one)

what are the monomers for carbohydrates?

monosaccharides

what are the monomers for nucleic acids?

nucleotides

what are the monomers for proteins?

amino acids

examples of lipids are...

fats, oils, waxes

lipids are used for...

storing energy, making up cell membranes, make hormones

what makes proteins so special? (whats special about their molecular model)

they have the R group which can be substituted into 20 different things and change the specific use of the protein

what elements are used in lipids?

C,H,O, and sometimes P

what elements are in carbohydrates?

C,H,O

what is the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrates?

1:2:1

what are the uses of carbohydrates?

energy storage and make up the cell wall

what elements are in nucleic acids?

C,H,N,O,P

what are the uses for nucleic acids?

RNA and DNA

what elements are in proteins?

C,H,N,O, and sometimes S

what are the uses for proteins?

build chemicals and break down chemicals (think of enzymes!)

enzymes

catalysts which mean they speed up chemical reactions but are not used up in the process (they lower the activation energy in a chemical reaction)

how can you tell if something is an enzyme?

ends with -ase (ex. DNA polyrase which are the polymers of DNA monomers

what are enzymes made up of?

proteins (which explains the uses for proteins!)

what is enzyme specificity?

only a specific substrate can fit into the active site of the enzyme. the enzyme will only function in a specific pH and temperature

denature

the enzyme is not the same shape as it was before and now it no longer performs its job

how does an enzyme denature?

when the pH is too high/low or the temperature is too high/low

base pH

>7

acidic pH

<7

neutral pH

7

how is the pH scale organized? (how much different is pH 6 from pH5)

the pH scale is in bases of 10 so that would make pH 5 10x more acidic than pH 6

what do acids do to hydrogen ions?

releases a hydrogen ion (high H+ concentration)

what do bases do to hydrogen ions?

removes hydrogen ions (low H+ concentration)

fun fact about bases:

take a while to do damage but theyre just as dangerous as acids

inputs in chemical reactions are called

reactants

outputs of chemical reactions are called

products

substrate

what an enzyme reacts with and goes into the active site

example of a liquid with a neutral pH

water (or water that doesn't have anything odd in it)

TRUE OR FALSE: enzymes can NOT be used over and over again

FALSE: enzymes can be used as many times as they want as long as a substrate they like is present and the pH and temperature is right

what are the 3 parts of an atom along with their charges?

protons (positive), neutron (neutral), electron (negative)

why is carbon so important to life science?

it can have up to 4 bonds (which not many other elements can do) which allows it to have many different shapes