Biology Exam 2 Part 2

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Membrane transport

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Membrane transport

substances must travel through the plasma membrane

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Substances want

equilibrium

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Plasma Membrane

phospholipid bilayer is differentially permeable

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Passive Transport

movement of molecules without energy

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diffusion

passive transport from an area of high concentration to low concentration

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Facilitated Diffusion

transport proteins help move hydrophilic and charged particles across the membrane (High to Low)

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Osmosis

diffusion of water across a membrane from high to low concentration (of the water)

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How does water move if a cell is placed in saltwater (saltwater is saltier than the water in the cell)

Osmosis will cause water to move out of the cell

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Osmosis

diffusion of water across a membrane from high to low concentration

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Aquaphorins

special proteins that help water cross the membrane faster/easier

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Does water require aquaphorins to cross the membrane?

NO

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What describes the active transport of potassium?

K+ will move from low to high concentration, energy is used

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Active transport

uses energy to take things from low to high concentration

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Exocytosis

a membrane bound vesicle fuses with the membrane and expels the large molecule outside the cell

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Endocytosis

a vesicle pinches the plasma membrane inward, and brings a large molecule into the cell

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Nutrient

substance in food that provides structural materials or energy

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Macronutrients

nutrients required in large amounts

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Do humans get half our water from our food?

yes

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How much percent water are humans?

78-43% water (declines with age)

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Carbohydrates

main energy source, ex. bread, cereal, rice, pasta

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Digestion of Carbohydrates

simple sugars: digested easy complex carbohydrates: digested slowly

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Healthy diet

carbs should mostly be complex carbohydrates

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Whole food

unprocessed food not stripped of nutrition

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Processed food

processing, refining, grinding

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Furver (roughage)

indigestible. complex carbohydrates, some digested by bacteria in large intesting

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Proteins

parts of cellular structures and processes, ex beef, eggs, gluten

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Protein structure

polymers of amino acids

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Essential Amino Acids

cannot be made in the body, must get from food

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Nonessential amino acids

made in body

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Complete protein

contains ALL of the essential amino acids

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A fatty acid tail contains carbon that is double bonded to another carbon, what fat has this structure?

Unsaturated fat

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Fats

source of stored energy, ex. milk, cheese, insulates body and organs

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Fat structural composition

3 carbon skeleton attacked to 3 fatty acid tails

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Essential Body Acids

cannot be made in the body, ex omega 3

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Saturated Fat

fatty acid carbon bond to as much hydrogen as possible, solid at room temp. ex. animal fats

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Saturated Fats

fewer hydrogens are bound to carbons, liquid at room temp, ex. plant fats

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Polyunsaturated fats

many double bonds

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Hydrogenation

process adds hydrogen atoms to solidify unsaturated fats(ex. oils), ex margarine,

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Trans Fat

produced by incomplete hydrogenation, double bonds are flat and not kinked, increased health risks

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What vitamin can be synthesized by the human body?

Vitamin D

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Micronutrients

required in small quantities, two types; vitamins and minerals, not broken down by the body

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Vitamins

organic substances that mostly cannot be synthesized by the body

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Fat Soluble

stored in fat, excess accumulation can be toxic

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Minerals

inorganic substances (no carbon)

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Minerals are:

water soluble, supplied through diet, essential, ex. calcium, magnesium

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Calcium

commonly supplemented mineral, needed for blood clotting

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Antioxidants

electron donor molecule, prevent cell damage

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Metabolism

all chemical reactions occurring in the body

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How do enzymes affect metabolic reaction?

Enzymes decrease the activation energy of a reaction

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Enzymes

proteins that catalyze(speed up) chemical reactions, end in suffix -ase

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Activation energy

energy required to start a metabolic reaction

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Substrate

chemical being metabolized

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Active site

enzyme region where substrate binds

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Enzyme Specificity

each enzyme catalyzes a particular reaction bases on enzyme shape and active site shape

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Metabolic Rate

measure of a person's energy use

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basal metabolic rate

the energy use of a resting, wakeful animal, human is 1680 calories a day

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What influences BMR?

exercise, bio sex, age, genetics

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What part of this structure will be removed to release energy?

to the last negatively charged phosphate

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Cellular Respiration

series of metabolic reactions converting food energy to a usable form and releasing waste products

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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

provides energy to drive processes in living cells

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Phosphorylation

phosphate group transferred from ATP to ADP

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What is the ADP and ATP battery analogy?

ADP: low battery ATP: full battery

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Whats is the equation for cellular respiration?

glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water, C6H12O6+6O2=6H2O+6CO2

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Cellular respiration

requires oxygen from breathing; releases carbon dioxide for delivery to lungs for exhalation

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Aerobic Respiration

occurs mostly in the mitochondria, series of complex directions

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NAD+

taxicab for electrons

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NAD+ is

empty, no electrons or hydrogen

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NADH is

full of electrons and hydrogen

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What are the three stages of cellular respiration?

  1. Glycolysis

  2. Citric acid cycle

  3. Electron transport chain and ATP synthesis

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What step of the cellular respiration does not require oxygen?

Glycolysis

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Glycolysis

6 carbon molecules broken down into two pyruvic acid molecules, occurs in cytosol, doesn't need oxygen

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After Glycolysis

pyruvic oxidation happens, 2 carbon fragment metabolized inside mitochondria

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Citric Acid Cycle

series of enzyme catalyzed reactions in the mitochondrial matrix

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What does the Citric Acid Cycle produce?

Produces 4ATP and 10 NADH

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H+ and ATP synthase

26 ATP molecules synthesized, each NADH yields ~2.5 ATP

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What is an inaccurate description of what happens in the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis?

Water molecules are dropped off by NADH and used by membrane proteins

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If carbohydrates are unavailable

fats will be uses

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If carbohydrates and fats are unavailable

protein will be uses

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Why does lactic acid build up in muscle cells during intense exercise?

Oxygen is less available as an electron acceptor

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Anerobic respiration

metabolic process to generate energy without oxygen

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Fermentation

one process cells use to produce energy without oxygen

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