The cell ANATOMY

What a cells 4 main function?

1) building block plants and animals

2) produced by preexisting cells

3) form all structures in body

4) perform all vital functions in body

Two types of cells

S___& S_____

1) sex cells or gametes

• sperm or oocytes

2) somatic cells

• body cells

ex: liver, etc.

12 parts Cell anatomy, describe function or structure or mention their subdivision part

1) cytoplasm

• cytosol: intracellular fluid of cell

2) organelles

• intracellular structures w/in cell

3) plasma membrane→

cell membrane→ cholesterol, glycolipids, proteins, & phospholipid

4) Nucleus → DNA storage & control

5) Ribosomes → protein synthesis

6) Rough ER → protein modification

7) Smooth ER → lipid synthesis (steroids & even carbs), detox, ca 2+

😎 Golgi apparatus → modify& packaging & shipping

9) Mitochondria → ATP production

10) Lysosomes → digestion & waste removal

11) centriole→ spindle fibers

12) peroxisome→ catalases break down hydrogen peroxide→ h20 & oxidants

microvilli in cells? Like what? Does what with what movement? Location?

• fingerlike projections

• absorption via back and forth movement; especially the small intestine

• apical surface

Upclose: Cell membrane 4 Major functions. What kind of barrier? Regulates what? Sensitive to what? What communication, ability, and support?

1) physical barrier

2) regulate exchange

3) sensitive to changes in fluid

4) cell to cell communication, ahesion, structural support

Composition of Plasma membrane

1) phospholipids

2) glycolipids (carbohydrate structures)

3) proteins

4) sterols (cholesterol→ help the membrane rigid or not rigid depending on temp)

What is the phospholipid bilayer of membrane? How many? Which is hydrophilic, v.s. hydrophobic? What does glycocalyx come from and help with?

1. 2 layers; hence phospholipid bilayer

2. Hydrophilic heads on outside

3. hydrophobic heads on inside

4. glycolipids→glycocalyx→ layer helps w adhesion

What is another function of cholesterol besides maintaining fluidity?

1) preventing the membrane from being to “leaky” and acts like another “filter”

UPCLOSE: Proteins of Membrane

1. Integral→ WITHIN layer of membrane→ acts like channels, some are“gated” channels

2. Peripheral→ attached to inner or outer layer→ NOT within the plasma membrane like integral

UPCLOSE: Glycolipids (Location, Made of WHAT, & role)

1) outer layer

2) carb+glycerol

3) acts like receptor

UPCLOSE: sterols (does what to membrane & what is an example of one)?

1) Stabilize structure

2) cholesterol

What is membrane permeability?Which 2 types of processes? What 3 types are there?Which is concentration motivated? Briefly know what they are

1. SELECTIVE

2. Passive (no ATP)

a) diffusion (high to low)

b) osmosis (water& aqua porin→ high to low)

c) facilitated (integral protein; polar don’t cross easily v.s. nonpolar things; No ATP)

ALL concentration MOTIVATED (High to LOW)

3. active (need ATP)

a) active transport ( LOW to HIGH & proteins channel use ATP)

b) endocytosis (letting things in & out)

• phagocytosis (vesicle→engulf→cell eating)

• pinocytosis (vesicle→ take in fluid→cell drinking)

c) exocytosis (vesicle→ secreted unwanted→ cellular excretion)

Types of Permeability

1) impermeable

2) freely permeable

3) selectively permeable

1) nothing passes

2) everything freely passes

3) only SOME come in; others don’t

Does the mitochondria have it’s own separate membrane? How many?

Yes; doubled membrane

Another active type of endocytosis…

• ______-mediated endocytosis

• Recopetor-mediated endocytosis→ receptor/ligand channels→ have targeted receptor→ form vesicle w/receptors inside

Which organelles are NON MEMBRANOUS (outside structures→ Cal, Cooked, Revolutionary, Fried, Chicken)

v.s. MEMBRANOUS (inside→ Micky Loathes Pink Goofy Nasty Elephants)

WON’t Test but js look and know

1) NONMEMBRANOUS

• cytoskeleton

• centrioles

• cilia

• flagella

• ribosome

2) MEMBRANOUS

• mitochondria

• nucleus

• endoplasmic reticulum

• golgi apparatus

• lysosome

• peroxisome

UPCLOSE: CYTOSKELETON

4 types & briefly describe function

1. A__

2. Neurofilaments

3. Mysosin

4. tublin

1) Microfilaments→ actin→ change shape & interact w myosin for movement

2) intermediate→ strength, stabilize organelles & transport

• Neurofilaments→ support axons

3) THICK→ myosin→muscle cells & contraction

4) Microtubules→ tubulin→ cytoskeleton, shape, movement, cell division, & cilia/flagella locomotion

CENTRIOLE up close

1. location

2. function

1. centrosome

2. produce microtubules needed in cell reproduction

CIlia UPCLOSE

• Location

• Anchored by what

• Beat how to move

1) cell surface

2) basal body

3) beat RHYTHMICALLY to move fluid or secrtions

FLAGELLA UPCLOSE

1. Location

2. Function in sexual reproduction

1. Cell surface

2. Help sperm move to egg

Attached v.s. Free ribosome, difference v.s. similarity.

1) Attached to endoplasmic

2) free floating

BOTH still make protein

Structure of NUCLEUS upclose

1) p___space

2) n____pores

3) _____plasm

4) has what

1) perinuclear space

2) Nuclear pores

3) nucleoplasm→ filaments→ nuclear matrix

4) has chromatin

what is chromatin to chromosome

1) DNA+ histones→ chromatin→ tightly coiled→ chromosome

True or False endoplasmic reticulum sends out vesicles of protein to golgi to modify and package

true

What is membrane flow?

continous movement and recycling of membrane that involve vesicles from ER and GOLGI

How does intercellular attachment occur 2 ways:

• via (CAMs) or cell adhesion molecules

• cellular cement proteoglycan→ hyaluronan

2 types of cell junctions (GT). Which is cell to cell which is sealing?

1) Gap junctions→ cell to cell communication

2) Tight junctions→ seal tightly, no passage

ex: desmosomes

2 Main Cycles of Cell (Know major phases & function/occurs)

1) Interphase (most of time here)

• G0→cell performs normal

• G1→duplication

• SPHASE→ DNA synthesis

• G2phase→ protein synthesis

2) MITOSIS

• Prophase→ 1st phase chromosome condense & nuclear chromosome breaks

• Metaphase→ chromosome in middle

• Anaphase (cytokinesis begins here)→ chromosome away to opp sides

• Telophase (cytokinesis occurs)→2 nuclear membranes form

3) Cytokinesis (cytokinesis of phase ends here)

Interphase UPCLOSE 8 steps (DNA REPLICATION) until G& M phase

1) DNA replication→

2) helicase unwinds nitrogenous bases→

3) h-bond broken→

4) forms 3-5’ & 5-3’ strand→

5) DNA polymerase will form complementary strand via nitrogenous bases→

6) ligases glues→

7) duplicate DNA molecule

😎 G& M phase

Mitotic rate

frequency when cell reproduction occurs

Stem cells (____ cells that undergo reproduction & help____)

• somatic cells that undergo reproduction→ help cells transform