PSB 2000 FSU Exam 1

In what two ways are neurons similar to other cells?

-same organelles

-plasma membrane

In what three ways are neurons different from other cells?

-Shape (morphology)

-long-distance communication

-post-mitotic (no longer dividing)

What part of the neuron deals with input?

Dendrites & Soma

What part of the neuron deals with integration?

Axon Hillock

What part of the neuron deal with conduction?

Axon

What part of the neuron deals with output?

Terminals

What distinguishes a multi, uni, and bipolar neuron?

How many extensions come out of the soma (multi- is more than 2, bi- is 2, and uni- is one).

What is gray matter in a neuron?

Cell bodies & dendrites.

What is white matter in a neuron?

Axons

What is a ganglion?

Collection of cell bodies and dendrites in PNS.

What is the nucleus?

Collection of cell bodies and dendrites in the CNS.

What is a nerve?

collection of axons in PNS

What is tract?

collection of axons in CNS

Is a Schwann cell in the PNS or CNS?

PNS

Is an oligodendrocyte in the PNS or CNS?

CNS

What gets through a blood brain barrier?

-Oxygen

-Carbon Dioxide

-Fat soluble molecules.

What cannot pass through a blood brain barrier?

-Charged particles

-viruses

-bacteria

-some nutrients.

What is a blood brain barrier?

Protective mechanism that helps maintain a stable environment for the brain.

Corpus Callosum

Axons that connect the hemispheres/cortex.

Central sulcus

Groove separating frontal and parietal lobes.

Cerebellum

Deals with balance, coordination, and well-learned movements. (Little brain)

Medulla

Vital functions (heartbeat and breathing)

Pons

REM sleep and Norepinephrine

Midbrain

Pain control, reflexive orienting, and dopamine.

Thalamus

Relay and filter for sensory information.

Hypothalamus

Homeostasis, controls pituitary gland, circadian rhythm, and control autonomic nervous system.

Pineal Gland

Makes melatonin

What are the 4 lobes of the brain?

-Frontal Lobe

-Partital Lobe

-Occipital Lobe

-Temporal Lobe.

What structures make up the brain stem?

-Medulla

-Pons

-Midbrain

What structures make up the Hindbrain?

-Medulla

-Pons

-Cerebellum

What cortex is in the occipital lobe?

Primary visual cortex

what cortex is in the frontal lobe?

Primary motor cortex

What cortex is in the temporal lobe?

Primary auditory cortex

What cortex is in the parietal lobe?

Primary somatosensory cortex

What lobe is Wernike's located in?

Temporal Lobe

What lobe is Broca's located in?

Frontal Lobe

Where is the longitudinal fissure?

Top of the brain, front to back, separating hemispheres.

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

31

What is a dermatome?

Segment of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve.

In what disease do you see a dermatome?

Shingles

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

12

What part of the brain do most cranial nerves enter and exit?

Brainstem

What are cranial nerves general overall function?

Sensory/motor for head and face.

What does the Olfactory cranial nerve do?

Brings smell info from nose to brain.

What does the optic cranial nerve do?

Brings light info from eyes to brain.

What does facial cranial nerve do?

Drives muscles of facial expression

What does the Vestibulocochlear cranial nerve do?

Brings sound information from inner ear to the brain.

What are the two divisions of the PNS?

Somatic and Autonomic.

What are the two divisions of the Somatic.

Sensory and Motor

What are the two divisions of the Autonomic?

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Are nerves from the spinal cord to skeletal muscles for voluntary movement Somatic or Autonomic?

Somatic

Are nerves from spinal cord or brain stem to internal organs somatic or autonomic?

Autonomic

Are nerves from sense organs to spinal cord conveying touch, temperature, and pain information Somatic or Autonomic?

Somatic

Does the Autonomic or Somatic system control the hypothalamus?

Autonomic

Does the autonomic or Somatic system require a 2-neuron bridge gap between CNS and peripheral tissue?

Somatic

Is typing autonomic or somatic?

Somatic

Is your heart beating autonomic or somatic?

Autonomic

Is walking autonomic or somatic?

Somatic

Is digestion autonomic or somatic?

Autonomic

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

-"fight or flight"

-For immediate energy expenditure

-System is activated as a whole.

What is the parasympathetic nervous system?

-"rest and digest"

-For non-emergency functions

-Controls organs independently of each other.

What neurotransmitter is used by preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system?

Acetylcholine (ACh)

What neurotransmitter is used by postganglionic neurons in the Sympathetic nervous system?

Norepinephrine (NE)

What neurotransmitter is used by preganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Acetylcholine (ACh)

What neurotransmitter is used by postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Acetylcholine (ACh)

What organs do the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems work on opposition of.

Heart & Gut

What is an organ that gets either sympathetic or parasympathetic innervation?

-Sweat Glands

-Limbs

-Pupils

What is a function that requires coordination of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system?

Male sexual function

What is the resting membrane potential?

-65 mV

What does polarized mean?

Different on outside and inside

What does depolarized mean?

less different on outside and inside

What does hyperpolarized mean?

more different on inside and outside.

When sodium moves into a cell, is it hyper- or de- polarized?

Depolarized

When Potassium moves out of a cell, is it hyper- or de- polarized?

Hyperpolarized

When Chloride moves into a cell, is it hyper- or de- polarized?

Hyperpolarized

When calcium moves into a cell, is it hyper- or de- polarized?

Depolarized

When potassium moves into a cell, is it hyper- or de- polarized?

Hyperpolarized

What is a concentration gradient?

moves high to low

What is an electrical gradient?

force of electrostatic pressure (opposites attract)

How is resting membrane potential maintained?

semipermeable membrane and sodium potassium pumps.

Does sodium enter or exit along the concentration gradient?

enter

Does sodium enter or exit along the electrical gradient?

enter

Does potassium enter or exit along the concentration gradient?

Exit

Does potassium enter or exit along the electrical gradient?

Enter

What is an action potential?

Sodium moving in and Potassium leaving. Begins when the threshold reached -40mV

What is resting potential?

the state of the neuron when not firing a neural impulse (-65 mV)

What is an absolute refractory period?

No more action potentials can be fired

What is a relative refractory period?

axon membrane only responds to stimulation that is higher than that which initiated the first action potential.

What does EPSP stand for?

excitatory postsynaptic potential

What ion movement could generate an EPSP?

Sodium Ions

What does IPSP stand for?

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

What ion movement causes an IPSP?

Chloride ions

What is spatial summation?

Multiple synapses are active on a neuron in different locations.

What is an ionotropic receptor?

Type of neurotransmitter receptor that when a neurotransmitter binds to the receptor a channel opens that ions can pass through.

Why are ionotropic receptors called ligand-gated.

Because it only opens if something binds to it

What is temporal summation?

A single synapse is active over and over

Why is an action potential "all or nothing"

Either happens or doesn't, it regenerates to the same degree each time.

In a given axon, what varries?

Rate

In a given axon, what is constant?

Speed and size

What 2 aspects of a neuron determine speed of the action potential?

The diameter of the axon and the presence of a myelin sheath